Theory of Operation, Continuous Phase Adjustment

THEORY OF OPERATION

CONTINUOUS PHASE ADJUSTMENT

The effects of phase shift. The unavoidable consequence of the configuration is the phase shift, which we will not comment at length as it goes far beyond the boundaries of this discussion. It is enough to say that any crossover network affecting the signal amplitude also affects the phase.

What is the phase? The phase is the time reaction between two signals. You probably encountered this basic problem in connecting two speakers to a stereo system. If the two speakers are “out of phase”, the bass frequencies are output only partially giving as a result a “LEAN” sound. On inverting the wires of one speaker the problem can be solved because the phase of the signal that goes to that speaker is inverted. This is an example for a phase shift of 180° between two speakers of the same section (low pass); with crossovers it is possible to have phase shifts also between different sections; they can reach from 0° and change gradually to 360°.

Phase shift caused by crossover filters affects the following characteristics:

1)the ability of the crossover/speaker system to reproduce the wave form

2)the flatness of the combined acoustic output of two or more speakers (low and

high)

3)the radiation angle of the speaker. Various crossovers produce different outputs with different radiation angles

where the combined output of several speakers reaches a peak. The figure explains the concept of radiation. The change of radiation angle is caused by the phase shift that is sensitive to the frequencies at the crossover point. The fundamental concepts for the choice of a crossover curve and of the cutoff characteristics are based upon the following:

a) considerations about the speaker system

b) the effect of the phase shift of the crossover and the positioning of the speakers with regard to the frequency response of the global system.

Phase alignment the crossover and the speaker: the best way to allow a speaker system to accurately reproduce the pulses of a wave pattern is the positioning of the

speakers in such a way that the wave front coming from different sources

reaches the ears of the listener in exactly the same time fraction; the improvement of this characteristic is called phase

alignment or time alignment. This concept is better explained by the figure. Sound travels at a speed of approx. 1100 ft./sec. through air; therefore, a distance of 12 inches stands for a delay of one millisecond at 1000 Hz. If two speakers are not well aligned the waves forming the wave front reach the ear with a delay one with respect to the other. This problem in phase alignment is particularly acute in the near regions of the cutoff frequencies because all the speakers contribute to the overall output of the system; any delay between the sound sources (woofer, tweeter) gives as a result an unbalanced frequency response in the region around the cutoff frequency. The best way to minimize this problem is to physically correct the vertical alignment of the different speakers until the perfect alignment of their single acoustic center points is obtained. Due to this adjustment the distance between the speaker and the listener is the same for all the speakers within the system thus arranging them on the same acoustic level.

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