Panasonic CQ-C1121U specifications General, Disc Player, FM Stereo Radio, AM Radio, Removing

Specifications

®	English
CD Player/Receiver

Before Reading These Instructions

Panasonic welcomes you to our constantly growing family of electronic products owners.

General

Power supply	: 12 V DC (11 - 16 V DC), negative
	ground
Current consumption	: Less than 2.2 A (CD mode; 0.5 W 4
	channels)
Maximum power output	: 50 W x 4 (at 1 kHz), volume control
	maximum (for CQ-C1121/C1101U)
	: 45 W x 4 (at 1 kHz), volume control
	maximum (for CQ-C1001U)
Tone adjustment range	: Bass: ±12 dB at 100 Hz,
	Treble: ±12 dB at 10 kHz
Suitable speaker impedance	: 4 - 8 Ω
Pre-amp output voltage	: 2.5 V (CD mode, 1 kHz, 0 dB)
Output impedance	: 200 Ω
Dimensions (W x H x D)	: 178 x 50 x 160 mm
	{7" x 1 15/16" x 6 5/16"}
Weight	: 1.3 kg {2 lbs. 14 oz}
Disc Player
Sampling frequency	: 8 times oversampling
DA converter	: 1 bit DAC System
Pick-up type	: Astigma 3-beam
Light source	: Semiconductor laser
Wave length	: 790 nm
Frequency response	: 20 Hz - 20 kHz (±1 dB)
Signal to noise ratio	: 96 dB
Total harmonic distortion	: 0.01 % (1 kHz)
Wow and flutter	: Below measurable limits
Channel separation	: 75 dB

FM Stereo Radio

Frequency range	: 87.9 MHz–107.9 MHz
Usable sensitivity	: 11.0 dBf. (75 Ω)
50 dB quieting sensitivity	: 15.2 dBf. (75 Ω)
Frequency response	: 30 Hz–15 kHz (±3 dB)
Alternate channel selectivity	: 75 dB
Stereo separation	: 35 dB (1 kHz)
Image response ratio	: 75 dB
IF response ratio	: 100 dB
Signal/noise ratio	: 62 dB
AM Radio
Frequency range	: 530 kHz - 1 710 kHz
Usable sensitivity	: 28 dB/µV (S/N 20 dB)

Above specifications comply with EIA standards.

Power Output:

14 W RMS x 4 Channels at 4 Ω and ≤ 1%

THD+N (for CQ-C1121/C1101U)

13 W RMS x 4 Channels at 4 Ω and ≤ 1% THD+N (for CQ-C1001U)

Signal to Noise Ratio:

85 dBA (reference: 1 W into 4 Ω)

Note:

¡Specifications and design are subject to modification without notice due to improvements.

¡Some figures and illustrations in this manual may be different from your product.

CQ-C1121U/C1101U/C1001U

Operating Instructions

	V
BAND	OL					CQ-C1121U				·
	P							AC	K	D M
APM	U
	S							TR
	H							/
	S							E
								N
PWR	E							U		CLOCK
	L							T
	MUTE	7	8	9	10	11	12		A	R EP
								R
SRC								SQ/SCAN	N	DISP
		1	2	3	4	5	6		M

(CQ-C1121U)

We endeavor to give you the advantages of precise electronic and mechanical engineering, manufactured with carefully selected components, and assembled by people who are proud of the reputation their work has built for our company. We know this product will bring you many hours of enjoyment, and after you discover the quality, value and reliability we have built into it, you too will be proud to be a member of our family.

Differences Among		This operating instruction manual is for 3 models CQ-C1121U, CQ-C1101U and CQ-C1001U. All illustrations throughout this
		manual represent model CQ-C1121U unless otherwise specified. The following table describes the differences among 3 models.
	3 Models
			Models	CQ-C1121U			CQ-C1101U	CQ-C1001U
			Features
			Volume control	Rotary knob			Rotary knob	Button
			Remote control function	Yes (Included)			No	No
			Pre-amp. output connector	Rear/Front			Rear	Rear
			U.S.A.		CANADA
		Obtain Product Information and Operating Assistance;			WARRANTY SERVICE
		locate your nearest Dealer or Servicenter; purchase Parts			For product operation and information assistance, please
		and Accessories; or make Customer Service and Literature
					contact your Dealer or our Customer Care Centre at:
		requests by visiting our Web site at:
					Telephone #: (905) 624-5505			Fax #: (905) 238-2360
		http://www.panasonic.com/support			Web: www.panasonic.ca
		or, contact us via the web at:			For product repairs, please contact one of the following:
		http://www.panasonic.com/contactinfo			･Your Dealer who will inform you of an authorized

Warranty

U.S.A.

PANASONIC CONSUMER ELECTRONICS COMPANY,

DIVISION OF MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC CORPORATION OF AMERICA One Panasonic Way, Secaucus, New Jersey 07094

PANASONIC SALES COMPANY,

DIVISION OF MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC OF PUERTO RICO, INC.

Ave. 65 de infanteria, Km. 9.5, San Gabriel Industrial Park

Carolina, Puerto Rico 00985

PANASONIC AUTO PRODUCTS

LIMITED WARRANTY

LIMITED WARRANTY COVERAGE

If your product does not work properly because of defects in materials and workmanship.

Panasonic Consumer Electronics Company or Panasonic Sales Company (collectively referred to as “the warrantor”) will, for the length of the peri- od indicated in the chart below, which starts with the date of original pur- chase (“warranty period”), at its option either (a) repair your product with new or refurbished parts, or (b) replace it with a new or refurbished product. The decision to repair or replace will be made by the warrantor.

Categories	Parts	Labor
Audio Components (except items listed below)	One (1) Year	One (1) Year
MXE Series Audio Components (except items	Two (2) Years	Two (2) Years
listed below)
Speakers	One (1) Year	Not Applicable
Accessories (in exchange for defective items)	Ninety (90) Days	Not Applicable

During the “Labor” warranty period, there will be no charge for labor. During the “Parts” warranty period, there will be no charge for parts. You must carry in or mail in your product during the warranty period. If non-

Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or con- sequential damages, or limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts, so the exclusions may not apply to you.

This warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state. If a problem with this product develops during or after the warranty period, you may contact your deal- er or Servicenter. If the problem is not handled to your satisfaction, then write to warrantor’s Consumer Affairs Department at the addresses of the warrantor.

PARTS AND SERVICE WHICH ARE NOT COVERED BY THIS LIMITED WARRANTY ARE YOUR RESPONSIBILITY.

Customer’s Record

Model

No.

Serial

No.

Dealer’s

No.

Code

No.

Dealer’s

Address

Date of

Purchase

CANADA

Panasonic Canada Inc.

5770 Ambler Drive, Mississauga Ontario L4W 2T3

Accessories

Operating Instructions

(English: YFM284C441ZA)

(Français: YFM284C442ZA)

(Español: YFM284C443ZA)

Q'ty: 1 set

Installation Instructions

(YFM284C444ZA)

Q'ty: 1

Owners Information

Card

Q'ty: 1

Notes:

Remote Control Unit (include a battery, only for CQ-C1121U)

(EUR7641020)

Q'ty: 1

Lock Cancel Plate

(FX0214C385ZA)

Q'ty: 2

Mounting Bolt

(YEJV014C002N)

Q'ty: 1

Rubber Bushing

(YES014C095ZA)

Q'ty: 1

Mounting Collar

(FX0214C384ZA)

Q'ty: 1

Trim Plate

(YFC054C080ZA: CQ-C1121/1101U)

(YFC054C058ZA: CQ-C1001U)

Q'ty: 1

Power Connector

(YEAJ02877)

Q'ty: 1

	You may also contact us directly at:	Servicentre nearest you.
	1-800-211-PANA (7262),	･Our Customer Care Centre at (905) 624-5505 or
	Monday-Friday 9 am-9 pm; Saturday-Sunday 10 am-7 pm,	www.panasonic.ca
Directory	EST.	･A Panasonic Factory Servicentre listed below:
	For hearing or speech impaired TTY users, TTY : 1-877-833-	Richmond, British	Calgary, Alberta
	8855
		Columbia	Panasonic Canada Inc.
	Accessory Purchases:
		Panasonic Canada Inc.	6835-8thSt. N. E. Calgary,
	Purchase Parts, Accessories and Instruction Books online	12111 Riverside Way	AB T2E 7H7
Services	for all Panasonic Products by visiting our Web Site at:	Richmond, BC V6W 1K8	Tel: (403) 295-3955
	http://www.pasc.panasonic.com	Tel: (604) 278-4211	Fax: (403) 274-5493
	or, send your request by E-mail to:	Fax: (604) 278-5627
	npcparts@panasonic.com
	You may also contact us directly at:	Mississauga, Ontario	Lachine, Quebec
Customer
	1-800-332-5368 (Phone) 1-800-237-9080 (Fax Only)	Panasonic Canada Inc.	Panasonic Canada Inc.
	(Monday-Friday 9 am to 8 pm, EST.)	5770 Ambler Dr.	3075, rue Louis A. Amos
	Panasonic Services Company	Mississauga, ON L4W 2T3	Lachine, QC H8T 1C4

Limited

rechargeable batteries are included, they are not warranted. This warranty only applies to products purchased and serviced in the United States or Puerto Rico. This warranty is extended only to the original purchaser of a new product which was not sold “as is”. A purchase receipt or other proof of the original purchase date is required for warranty service.

CARRY-IN OR MAIL-IN SERVICE

For Carry-In or Mail-In Service in the United States, call 1-800-211-PANA (7262) or visit

Panasonic Web Site: http://www.panasonic.com

For assistance in Puerto Rico, call Panasonic Sales Company (787)-750- 4300 or fax (787)-768-2910.

LIMITED WARRANTY LIMITS AND EXCLUSIONS

This warranty ONLY COVERS failures due to defects in materials and workmanship, and DOES NOT COVER normal wear and tear or cosmetic damage. The warranty ALSO DOES NOT COVER damages which occurred during shipment, failures which are caused by products not supplied by the warrantor, failures which result from accident, misuse, abuse, neglect, mishandling, misapplication, alteration, faulty installation, set-up adjustment, maladjustment of consumer control, improper main- tenance, improper antenna, inadequate signal reception or pickup, power line surge, improper voltage supply, lightning, modification, commercial

PANASONIC PRODUCT LIMITED WARRANTY

Panasonic Canada Inc. warrants this product to be free from defects in materials and workmanship and agrees to remedy any such defect for a period as stated below from the date of original purchase.

CAR AUDIO PRODUCT – ONE (1) YEAR, PARTS AND LABOUR (The labour to install or remove the product is not warranted)

LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS

This warranty does not apply to products purchased outside Canada or to any product which has been improperly installed, subjected to usage for which the product was not designed, misused or abused, damaged dur- ing shipping, or which has been altered or repaired in any way that affects the reliability or detracts from the performance, nor does it cover any product which is used commercially. Dry cell batteries are also excluded from coverage under this warranty.

This warranty is extended to the original end user purchaser only. A pur- chase receipt or other proof of the original purchase date is required before warranty service is performed.

THIS EXPRESS, LIMITED WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WAR- RANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WAR-

¡The number in parentheses underneath each accessory part name is the part number for maintenance and service.

¡Accessories and their part numbers are subject to modification without prior notice due to improvements.

¡Mounting Collar and Trim Plate are mounted on the main unit at shipment.

Panasonic Consumer Electronics	Panasonic Sales Company,	Panasonic Canada Inc.
Company, Division of Matsushita	Division of Matsushita Electric of	5770 Ambler Drive,
Electric Corporation of America	Puerto Rico, Inc. (“PSC”)	Mississauga, Ontario
One Panasonic Way, Secaucus,	Ave. 65 de Infanteria, Km. 9.5	L4W 2T3
New Jersey 07094	San Gabriel Industrial Park,	http://www.panasonic.ca
http://www.panasonic.com	Carolina, Puerto Rico 00985
	http://www.panasonic.com
	YFM284C441ZB TAMACO0904-1015		Printed in China

¡Please read these instructions (including “Limited Warranty” and “Customer Services Directory”) carefully before using this product and keep this manual for future reference.

20421 84th Avenue South, Kent, WA 98032	Tel: (905) 624-8447	Tel: (514) 633-8684
(We accept Visa, MasterCard, Discover Card, American	Fax: (905) 238-2418	Fax: (514) 633-8020
Express, and Personal Checks)
For hearing or speech impaired TTY users, TTY : 1-886-605-
1277
Service in Puerto Rico
Matsushita Electric of Puerto Rico, Inc.
Panasonic Sales Company
Factory Servicenter:
Ave. 65 de Infantería, Km. 9.5, San Gabriel Industrial Park,
Carolina, Puerto Rico 00985
Phone (787) 750-4300, Fax (787) 768-2910

use (such as use in hotels, offices, restaurants, or other business uses) or rental use of the product, or service by anyone other than the techni- cian from Factory Servicenter or other authorized service centers, or damage that is attributable to acts of God.

THERE ARE NO EXPRESS WARRANTIES EXCEPT AS LISTED UNDER “LIMITED WARRANTY COVERAGE”. THE WARRANTOR IS NOT LIABLE FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS PRODUCT, OR ARISING OUT OF ANY BREACH OF THIS WARRANTY. (As examples, this excludes damages for lost time, cost of having someone remove or re-install an installed unit if applica- ble, travel to and from the sevicer, and loss of media, data or other mem- ory contents. The items listed are not exclusive, but are for illustration only.) ALL EXPRESS AND IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING THE

WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, ARE LIMITED TO THE PERIOD OF THE LIMITED WARRANTY.

RANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

IN NO EVENT WILL PANASONIC CANADA INC. BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES.

In certain instances, some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or lim- itation of incidental or consequential damages, or the exclusion of implied warranties, so the above limitations and exclusions may not be applicable.

IF YOU SHIP THE PRODUCT TO A SERVICENTRE

Carefully pack and send prepaid, adequately insured and preferably in the original carton.

Include details of the defect claimed, and proof of the date of original purchase.

Preparation

Battery Installation	Pull the insulation film out from	Note: Battery Information:
	the backside of the remote con-	Battery Type: Panasonic lithium battery (CR2025) (Included
	trol gently.nly	in the remote control)
		Battery Life: Approximately 6 months under normal use (at
		room temperature)

Maintenance

Cleaning the	Your product is designed and manufactured to ensure the minimum of maintenance. Use a soft cloth for routine
	exterior cleaning. Never use benzine, thinner, or other solvents.
	Unit

Safety Information

■Read the operating instructions for the unit and all other compo-		■This manual uses pictographs to show you how to use the product
nents of your car audio system carefully before using the system.		safely and to alert you to potential dangers resulting from improper
They contain instructions about how to use the system in a safe and		connections and operations. The meanings of the pictographs are
effective manner. Panasonic assumes no responsibility for any prob-		explained below. It is important that you fully understand the mean-
lems resulting from failure to observe the instructions given in this		ings of the pictographs in order to use this manual and the system
manual.		properly.
	This pictograph intends to alert you to the presence of		This pictograph intends to alert you to the presence of
	important operating instructions and installation instruc-		important operating instructions and installation instruc-
Warning	tions. Failure to heed the instructions may result in	Caution	tions. Failure to heed the instructions may result in

Caution

Observe the following cautions when using this unit.

❑Keep the sound volume at an appropriate level.

Keep the volume level low enough to be aware of road and traffic

conditions while driving.

❑This unit is designed for use exclusively in automo-

biles.

❑Do not install the product where it is exposed to strong

vibrations or is unstable.

Avoid slanted or strongly curved surfaces for installation. If the

installation is not stable, the unit may fall down while driving and

this can lead to an accident or injury.

❑Installation Angle

The product should be installed in a horizontal position with the

front end up at a convenient angle, but not more than 30˚.

The user should bear in mind that in some areas there may be

restrictions on how and where this unit can be installed. Consult

your dealer for further details.

The 12-hour system is used for the clock.

1 Turn the ignition switch until C

Clock Display at Power Off

If the replaced fuse fails, contact your nearest authorized Panasonic Servicenter.

severe injury or death. injury or material damage.

❑Do not operate the unit for a prolonged period with the

engine turned off.

❑Wear gloves for safety. Make sure that wiring is com-

pleted before installation.

AC

ON

the accessory indicator lights.

2Press [SRC] (PWR: Power).

3Press [DISP] (CLOCK).

4Hold down [DISP] (CLOCK) for more than 2 seconds.

Press [DISP] (Display) to change the display.

Display off

Clock display

Fuse	Warning
	¡Use fuses of the same specified rating (15 A). Using substitutes or fuses with higher ratings, or connecting the unit
	directly without a fuse could cause fire or damage to the unit. If the replaced fuse fails, contact your nearest authorized
	Panasonic Servicenter.

Anti-Theft System

This unit is equipped with a removable face plate. Removing this face plate makes the unit totally inoperable.

Warning

Observe the following warnings when using this unit.

❑The driver should neither watch the display nor operate

the system while driving.

Watching the display or operating the system will distract the driv-

er from looking ahead of the vehicle and can cause accidents.

Always stop the vehicle in a safe location and use the parking

brake before watching the display or operating the system.

❑Use the proper power supply.

Observe the following warnings when installing.

❑Disconnect the lead from the negative (–) battery termi-

nal before installation.

Wiring and installation with the negative (–) battery terminal con-

nected may cause electrical shock and injury due to a short circuit.

Some cars equipped with the electrical safety system have specific

procedures of battery terminal disconnection.

FAILURE TO FOLLOW THE PROCEDURE MAY LEAD TO THE

UNINTENDED ACTIVATION OF THE ELECTRICAL SAFETY SYSTEM

RESULTING IN DAMAGE TO THE VEHICLE AND PERSONAL

INJURY OR DEATH.

❑Never use safety-related components for installation,

Operating the audio system for a long period of time with the

engine turned off will drain the battery.

❑Do not expose the unit to direct sunlight or excessive

heat.

Otherwise these will raise the interior temperature of the unit,

and it may lead to smoke, fire, or other damage to the unit.

❑Do not use the product where it is exposed to water,

moisture, or dust.

Exposure of the unit to water, moisture, or dust may lead to

smoke, fire, or other damage to the unit. Make especially sure

that the unit does not get wet in car washes or on rainy days.

Observe the following cautions when installing.

❑Refer wiring and installation to qualified service per-

sonnel.

❑To prevent damage to the unit, do not connect the

power connector until the whole wiring is completed.

❑Do not connect more than one speaker to one set of

speaker leads. (except for connecting to a tweeter)

Observe the following cautions when handling the battery for the remote control unit.

●Use only specified battery (CR2025).

●Match the polarity of the battery with the (+) and (–) marks in

the battery case.

●Replace dead battery as soon as possible.

●Remove the battery from the remote control unit when not using

it for an extended period of time.

Clock Setting

5Adjust the hour.

[[]: sets the hour ahead.

[]]: sets the hour back.

6Press [DISP] (CLOCK).

7Adjust the minute.

[[]: sets the minute ahead.

[]]: sets the minute back.

8Press [DISP] (CLOCK).

Notes:

¡"AdJ" is displayed before adjusting the clock.

¡Hold down []] or [[] to change numbers rapidly.

Face Plate Removing/Mounting

(Anti-Theft System)

Caution

¡This face plate is not waterproof. Do not expose it to water or excessive moisture.

¡Do not remove the face plate while driving your car.

¡Do not place the face plate on the dashboard or nearby areas where the temperature rises high.

Removing

1Turn off the power.

2Press [ ]. The face plate will open.

3Pull it out toward you.

1

2

¡Do not touch the contacts on the face plate and the main unit, since this may result in poor electrical contact.

¡If dirt or other foreign substances get on the contacts, wipe them off with a clean and dry cloth.

Mounting

1Slide the left side of the face plate in place.

2Press the right end of the face plate until a “click” is heard.

2

1

This product is designed for operation with a negative grounded

12 V DC battery system. Never operate this product with other bat-

tery systems, especially a 24 V DC battery system.

❑Keep batteries and insulation film out of reach of infants.

Batteries and insulation film can be ingested, so keep them out of

the reach of infants. If an infant ingests a battery or insulation film,

please seek immediate medical attention.

❑Protect the Deck Mechanism.

Do not insert any foreign objects into the slot of this unit.

❑Do not disassemble or modify the unit.

Do not disassemble, modify the unit or attempt to repair the prod-

uct yourself. If the product needs to be repaired, consult your

dealer or an authorized Panasonic Servicenter.

❑Do not use the unit when it is out of order.

If the unit is out of order (no power, no sound) or in an abnormal

state (has foreign matter in it, is exposed to water, is smoking, or

smells), turn it off immediately and consult your dealer.

❑The remote control unit should not lie about in the car.

If the remote control unit lies about, it could fall on the floor while

driving, get wedged under the brake pedal, and lead to a traffic

accident.

❑Refer fuse replacement to qualified service personnel.

When the fuse burns out, eliminate the cause and have it replaced

with the fuse prescribed for this unit by a qualified service engi-

neer. Incorrect replacement of the fuse may lead to smoke, fire,

and damage to the product.

grounding, and other such functions.

Do not use safety-related vehicle components (fuel tank, brake,

suspension, steering wheel, pedals, airbag, etc.) for wiring or fix-

ing the product or its accessories.

❑Installing the product on the air bag cover or in a location

where it interferes with airbag operation is prohibited.

❑Check for piping, gasoline tank, electric wiring, and other

items before installing the product.

If you need to open a hole in the vehicle chassis to attach or wire

the product, first check where the wire harness, gasoline tank, and

electric wiring are located. Then open the hole from outside if pos-

sible.

❑Never install the product in a location where it interferes

with your field of vision.

❑Never have the power cord branched to supply other

equipment with power.

❑After installation and wiring, you should check the nor-

mal operation of other electrical equipment.

The continuation of their using in abnormal conditions may cause

fire, electrical shock or a traffic accident.

❑In the case of installation to an airbag-equipped car, con-

firm warnings and cautions of the vehicle manufacturer

before installation.

❑Make sure the leads do not interfere with driving or get-

ting in and out of the vehicle.

❑Insulate all exposed wires to prevent short circuiting.

Installation of this unit requires special skills and experience. For

maximum safety, have it installed by your dealer. Panasonic is

not liable for any problems resulting from your own installation

of the unit.

❑Follow the instructions to install and wire the product.

Not following the instructions to properly install and wire the

product could cause an accident or fire.

❑Take care not to damage the leads.

When wiring, take care not to damage the leads. Prevent them

from getting caught in the vehicle chassis, screws, and moving

parts such as seat rails. Do not scratch, pull, bend or twist the

leads. Do not run them near heat sources or place heavy objects

on them. If leads must be run over sharp metal edges, protect

the leads by winding them with vinyl tape or similar protection.

❑Use the designated parts and tools for installation.

Use the supplied or designated parts and appropriate tools to

install the product. The use of parts other than those supplied or

designated may result in internal damage to the unit. Faulty

installation may lead to an accident, a malfunction or fire.

❑Do not block the air vent or the cooling plate of the unit.

Blocking these parts will cause the interior of the unit to over-

heat and will result in fire or other damage.

The following applies only in the U.S.A.

Part 15 of the FCC Rules

FCC Warning:

Any unauthorized changes or modifications to this equipment would void the user's authority to operate this device.

●Insulate the battery (by placing them in a plastic bag or covering

them with vinyl tape) before disposal or storage.

●Dispose of the battery according to the local regulations.

●Do not disassemble, recharge, heat or short the battery. Do not

throw a battery into a fire or water.

In case of battery leakage

●Thoroughly wipe the battery liquid off the battery case and insert new battery.

●If any part of your body or clothing comes into contact with bat- tery liquid, wash it with plenty of water.

●If battery liquid comes into contact with your eyes, wash them with plenty of water and get immediate medical attention.

Caution

THIS PRODUCT IS A CLASS I LASER PRODUCT.

USE OF CONTROLS OR ADJUSTMENTS OR PERFORMANCE OF PROCEDURES OTHER THAN THOSE SPECIFIED HEREIN MAY RESULT IN HAZARDOUS RADIATION EXPOSURE.

DO NOT OPEN COVERS AND DO NOT REPAIR BY YOURSELF. REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED PERSONNEL.