Emerson 54ea SECTION 6.0 CALIBRATION

MODEL 54eA SECTION 6.0

CALIBRATION - TEMPERATURE

SECTION 6.0CALIBRATION - TEMPERATURE

All four amperometric sensors (oxygen, ozone, free chlorine, total chlorine, and monochloramine) are membrane-

covered sensors. As the sensor operates, the analyte (the substance to be determined) diffuses through the mem-

brane and is consumed at an electrode immediately behind the membrane. The reaction produces a current that

depends on the rate at which the analyte diffuses through the membrane. The diffusion rate, in turn, depends on the

concentration of the analyte and how easily it passes through the membrane (the membrane permeability). Because

the membrane permeability is a function of temperature, the sensor current will change if the temperature changes.

To correct for changes in sensor current caused by temperature, the controller automatically applies a membrane

permeability correction. Although the membrane permeability is different for each sensor, the change is about 3%/°C

at 25°C, so a 1°C error in temperature produces about a 3% error in the reading.

Temperature plays an additional role in oxygen measurements. Oxygen sensors are calibrated by exposing them

to water-saturated air, which, from the point of view of the sensor, is equivalent to water saturated with atmospheric

oxygen (see Section 7.0 for more information). During calibration, the controller calculates the solubility of atmos-

pheric oxygen in water using the following steps. First, the controller measures the temperature. From the tem-

perature, the controller calculates the vapor pressure of water and, using the barometric pressure, calculates the

partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen. Once the controller knows the partial pressure, it calculates the equilibri-

um solubility of oxygen in water using a temperature-dependent factor called the Bunsen coefficient. Overall, a 1°C

error in the temperature measurement produces about a 2% error in the solubility calculated during calibration and

about the same error in subsequent measurements.

Temperature is also important in the pH measurement required to correct free chlorine readings.

1. The controller uses a temperature dependent factor to convert measured cell voltage to pH. Normally, a slight

inaccuracy in the temperature reading is unimportant unless the pH reading is significantly different from 7.00.

Even then, the error is small. For example, at pH 12 and 25°C, a 1°C error produces a pH error less than ±0.02.

2. During auto calibration, the controller recognizes the buffer being used and calculates the actual pH of the

buffer at the measured temperature. Because the pH of most buffers changes only slightly with temperature,

reasonable errors in temperature do not produce large errors in the buffer pH. For example, a 1°C error caus-

es at most an error of ±0.03 in the calculated buffer pH.

Without calibration the accuracy of the temperature measurement is about ±0.4°C. Calibrate the controller if

1. ±0.4°C accuracy is not acceptable

2. the temperature measurement is suspected of being in error. Calibrate temperature by making the controller

reading match the temperature measured with a standard thermometer.