Chapter 2 Troubleshooting Tools

Third-Party Troubleshooting Tools

Volt-Ohm Meters, Digital Multimeters, and Cable Testers

Volt-ohm meters and digital multimeters measure parameters such as AC and DC voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, and cable continuity. They check physical connectivity.

Using cable testers (scanners), you can also check physical connectivity. Cable testers are available for foil twisted-pair (FTP), unshielded twisted-pair (UTP), 10BaseT, and coaxial and twinax cables.

A given cable tester can perform any of the following functions:

•Test and report on cable conditions, including near-end crosstalk (NEXT), attenuation, and noise

•Perform time domain reflectometer (TDR) functions, traffic monitoring, and wire map functions

•Display media access control (MAC)-layer information about LAN traffic, provide statistics such as network utilization and packet error rates, and perform limited protocol testing (for example, TCP/IP tests such as ping)

Similar testing equipment is available for fiber-optic cable. Due to the relatively high cost of fiber cable and its installation, test fiber-optic cable both before installation (on-the-reel testing) and after installation. Continuity testing of the fiber requires either a visible light source or a reflectometer. Light sources capable of providing light at the three predominant wavelengths, 850 nanometers (nm),

1300 nm, and 1550 nm, are used with power meters that can measure the same wavelengths and test attenuation and return loss in the fiber.

TDRs and OTDRs

TDRs quickly locate open circuits, short circuits, crimps, kinks, sharp bends, impedance mismatches, and other defects in metallic cables.

A TDR reflects a signal off the end of the cable. Opens, shorts, and other problems reflect back the signal at different amplitudes, depending on the problem. A TDR measures the time it takes for the signal to reflect and calculates the distance to a fault in the cable. TDRs can also measure the length of a cable, and some TDRs can calculate the rate of propagation based on a configured cable length.

Fiber-optic measurement is performed by an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR). OTDRs can accurately measure the length of the fiber, locate cable breaks, measure the fiber attenuation, and measure splice or connector losses. An OTDR can take the signature of a particular installation, noting attenuation and splice losses. This baseline measurement can then be compared with future signatures when you suspect a problem in the system.

Network Monitors

Network monitors continuously track packets crossing a network, providing an accurate picture of network activity. Network monitors do not decode the contents of frames. They are useful for creating a baseline of normal performance.

Monitors collect information such as packet sizes, the number of packets, error packets, overall usage of a connection, the number of hosts and their MAC addresses, and details about communications between hosts and other devices. This data can be used to create profiles of LAN traffic and assist in locating traffic overloads, planning for network expansion, detecting intruders, and distributing traffic more efficiently.

ATM Switch Router Troubleshooting Guide

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78-6896-01

 

 

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Oxygen 78-6896-01 manual Volt-Ohm Meters, Digital Multimeters, and Cable Testers, TDRs and OTDRs, Network Monitors
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78-6896-01 specifications

Oxygen 78-6896-01 is a state-of-the-art oxygen concentrator designed for both home and clinical use. This innovative device is engineered to deliver high-quality oxygen therapy to those suffering from respiratory conditions such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and other ailments that require supplementary oxygen.

One of the standout features of the Oxygen 78-6896-01 is its advanced oxygen generation technology, which employs a molecular sieve to efficiently separate oxygen from ambient air. This process ensures a high purity level of approximately 90 to 95 percent, allowing patients to receive the necessary oxygen concentration to alleviate their symptoms and improve their overall quality of life.

The Oxygen 78-6896-01 is equipped with a user-friendly digital interface that includes an LCD display, providing real-time information on oxygen flow rates and battery status. This ensures that patients are always informed and able to manage their therapy effectively. Additionally, this concentrator offers various flow settings, catering to the specific needs of individual users—ranging from low-flow to high-flow options.

Portability is another significant characteristic of the Oxygen 78-6896-01. Weighing in at an ergonomic design, it comes with built-in handles and wheels, making it easy to transport from room to room or even for travel. The ultralight and compact design ensure that patients can maintain their active lifestyles without being tethered to a stationary oxygen supply.

The device is also equipped with several safety features, including an automatic shut-off mechanism that activates in the event of a malfunction, ensuring the user's safety. Moreover, its low-noise operation enhances the user experience by providing a quiet environment, making it suitable for use during sleep or in communal living situations.

With a long-lasting battery life, the Oxygen 78-6896-01 allows users the freedom to move about without worrying about constant plugs and outlets. It also incorporates advanced filtration systems to minimize maintenance needs, giving users peace of mind.

In summary, the Oxygen 78-6896-01 is a highly efficient, portable, and user-friendly oxygen concentrator that stands out for its advanced technology, safety features, and ease of use. It's an essential tool for individuals needing supplemental oxygen therapy, enabling them to lead fuller, more active lives while managing their respiratory health effectively.
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