Pass Labs X350, X1000, X600 owner manual

Supersymmetry: What it is, Where it came from, How it works, Why bother

( theory and philosophy you can skip )

Supersymmetry is the name given to a new type of amplifying circuit, which operates quite differently than the designs presently appearing in literature and the marketplace. I have been designing new amplifiers all my adult life, and patented eight of them, but I regard this particular idea as the most interesting and profound. The name “supersymmetry” describes the circuit but is also the name of a theory from the field of particle physics that considers the ultimate nature of matter and forces.

A little history of the development of this idea might help to illuminate the concept. As far as I’m concerned, the progress in amplifier design has to do with making amplifiers better while making them simpler.

Numerous amplifier design techniques have been offered during this century, but the ideas that have stood the test of time have delivered much better performance in simple ways. Two of the best ideas have been negative feedback and push-pull operation. Negative feedback is a simple technique, which requires only a couple more parts, arranged simply, but it achieves dramatic improvements in performance. Similarly for push-pull operation, a couple more parts delivers incredibly greater efficiency and improved distortion at high power levels.

The concepts of negative feedback and push-pull operation in amplifiers were old enough in 1970 that some of their limitations were becoming apparent, at least with regard to audio amplifiers. In the hands of mediocre designers, feedback was often overused to cover up design sins elsewhere in the circuit, with the result that the amplifier did not sound very good, in spite of good distortion measurements. Push-pull circuits, while allowing high efficiency and cheap manufacture, did not improve the character of the sound at lower levels, where we do most of our listening, a deficiency which designers often use feedback to cover up.

It appears that the human sense of hearing is more subtle in some ways than distortion measurement apparatus, and many audiophiles were dissatisfied with the results of the new breed of solid state amplifiers appearing in the 60’s and 70’s. These designs used lots of feedback to clean up their efficient push-pull circuits.

The innovative designers were beginning to consider some variations of and alternatives to these tried and mostly true approaches, and some new designs appeared.

Once it was recognized that excessive use of negative feedback was creating problems with the sound, several designers addressed the problem by simply reducing the amount of feedback and regaining the performance by paying more attention to the character of the amplifying circuit itself. Feedback stopped being a “something for nothing” idea, and became more like a credit card, which is OK to use as long as you can afford to pay when the statement arrives. In this case, the ability to pay involves the intrinsic quality of the amplifier circuit. The paradox is that feedback is best applied around circuits that need it the least.

One of the alternatives is the use of “no feedback”, or more accurately what is known as only local feedback. I say this because purists might argue that local feedback is still feedback. In point of fact, there is always some amount of feedback locally around any gain device by the

Page 10