AMD 64 manual Microsoft Windows does not offer node interleaving

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Performance Guidelines for AMD Athlon™ 64 and AMD Opteron™

40555 Rev. 3.00 June 2006

ccNUMA Multiprocessor Systems

 

The function to set memory affinity for a thread is VirtualAlloc( )[9]. This function gives the developer the choice to bind memory immediately on allocation or to defer binding until first touch.

Although there are no command-line tools for thread/process and memory placement, several Microsoft Enterprise products provide NUMA support and configurability, such as SQL Server 2005 [10] and IIS [11].

If an application relies on heaps in Windows, we recommend using a low fragmentation heap (LFH) and using a local heap instead of a global heap[12][13].

By default, Windows uses the first touch binding policy for all data. Once memory is bound to a node, it normally resides on that node for its lifetime.

A.8 Tools and APIs for Node Interleaving in Various OSs for AMD64 ccNUMA Multiprocessor Systems

This section discusses tools and APIs available for performing node interleaving under various operating systems.

A.8.1 Support under Linux®

Linux provides several ways for an application to use node interleaving [5].

•numactl is a command line tool, which is used for node interleaving all memory accessed by a program across a set of chosen nodes.

For example, to interleave all memory accessed by program foobar on nodes 0 and 1, use:

numactl --interleave=0x03 foobar

•libnuma offers several functions a program can use to interleave a given memory region across a set of chosen nodes.

Linux only supports the round robin node interleaving policy.

A.8.2 Support under Solaris

Solaris offers an API called madvise, which can be usedwith the MADV_ACCESS_MANY flag to tell the OS to use a memory policy that causes the OS to bind memory randomly across the nodes. This offers behavior similar to the round robin node interleaving of memory offered by Linux.

This random policy is the default memory placement policy used by Solaris for shared memory.

A.8.3 Support under Microsoft® Windows®

Microsoft Windows does not offer node interleaving.

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Appendix A

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Contents Application Note Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved Contents Performance Guidelines for AMD Athlon 64 and AMD Opteron List of Figures List of FiguresList of Figures Revision History Revision HistoryRevision History Introduction Chapter IntroductionRelated Documents Chapter Introduction Introduction Chapter Experimental Setup Experimental SetupSystem Used Quartet Topology Synthetic Test Internal Resources Associated with a Quartet NodeData Access Rate Qualifiers Reading and Interpreting Test Graphs Axis DisplayLabels Used Multiple Threads-Independent Data Analysis and RecommendationsScheduling Threads Chapter Analysis and RecommendationsMultiple Threads-Shared Data Data Locality ConsiderationsScheduling on a Non-Idle System Hop Keeping Data Local by Virtue of first Touch Chapter Analysis and Recommendations Analysis and Recommendations Common Hop Myths Debunked Threads access local dataAvoid Cache Line Sharing Myth All Equal Hop Cases Take Equal TimeHop Hop Hop Myth Greater Hop Distance Always Means Slower Time 102% 108% 107% 147% 126% 125% 136% 145% 136% 127% 126% 146% 129% 139% Locks Performance Guidelines for AMD Athlon 64 and AMD Opteron Analysis and Recommendations Conclusions Chapter ConclusionsConclusions Description of the Buffer Queues Appendix aAppendix a Appendix a What Role Do Buffers Play in the Throughput Observed? Performance Guidelines for AMD Athlon 64 and AMD Opteron Appendix a Support Under Linux Controlling Process and Thread AffinitySupport under Solaris Support under Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft Windows does not offer node interleaving Node Interleaving Configuration in the Bios CcNUMA Multiprocessor Systems Appendix a
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64 specifications

AMD64 is a 64-bit architecture developed by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) as an extension of the x86 architecture. Introduced in the early 2000s, it aimed to offer enhanced performance and capabilities to powering modern computing systems. One of the main features of AMD64 is its ability to address a significantly larger amount of memory compared to its 32-bit predecessors. While the old x86 architecture was limited to 4 GB of RAM, AMD64 can theoretically support up to 16 exabytes of memory, making it ideal for applications requiring large datasets, such as scientific computing and complex simulations.

Another key characteristic of AMD64 is its support for backward compatibility. This means that it can run existing 32-bit applications seamlessly, allowing users to upgrade their hardware without losing access to their existing software libraries. This backward compatibility is achieved through a mode known as Compatibility Mode, enabling users to benefit from both newer 64-bit applications and older 32-bit applications.

AMD64 also incorporates several advanced technologies to optimize performance. One such technology is the support for multiple cores and simultaneous multithreading (SMT). This allows processors to handle multiple threads concurrently, improving overall performance, especially in multi-tasking and multi-threaded applications. With the rise of multi-core processors, AMD64 has gained traction in both consumer and enterprise markets, providing users with an efficient computing experience.

Additionally, AMD64 supports advanced vector extensions (AVX), which enhance the capability of processors to perform single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) operations. This is particularly beneficial for tasks such as video encoding, scientific simulations, and cryptography, allowing these processes to be executed much faster, thereby increasing overall throughput.

Security features are also integrated within AMD64 architecture. Technologies like AMD Secure Execution and Secure Memory Encryption help protect sensitive data and provide an enhanced security environment for virtualized systems.

In summary, AMD64 is a powerful and versatile architecture that extends the capabilities of x86, offering enhanced memory addressing, backward compatibility, multi-core processing, vector extensions, and robust security features. These innovations have positioned AMD as a strong competitor in the computing landscape, catering to the demands of modern users and applications. The continuous evolution of AMD64 technology demonstrates AMD's commitment to pushing the boundaries of computing performance and efficiency.
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