Agilent Technologies E7401A, E7405A, E7402A, E7404A, E7403A manual Decreasing Video Bandwidth

Page 39

 

Making Basic Measurements

 

Measuring Low Level Signals

 

The video bandwidth must be set wider than the resolution bandwidth

NOTE

 

when measuring impulse noise levels.

Figure 1-31 Decreasing Video Bandwidth

 

Measuring Low Level Signals Example 4:

 

If a signal level is very close to the noise floor, video averaging is

 

another way to make the signal more visible.

 

The time required to construct a full trace that is averaged to the

NOTE

 

desired degree is approximately the same when using either the video

 

bandwidth or the video averaging technique. The video bandwidth

 

technique completes the averaging as a slow sweep is taken, whereas

 

the video averaging technique takes many sweeps to complete the

 

average. Characteristics of the signal being measured, such as drift and

 

duty cycle, determine which technique is appropriate.

 

Video averaging is a digital process in which each trace point is

 

averaged with the previous trace-point average. Selecting Average Type,

 

Video Avg and Average (On) changes the detection mode from peak to

 

sample. The result is a sudden drop in the displayed noise level. The

 

sample mode displays the instantaneous value of the signal at the end

 

of the time or frequency interval represented by each display point,

 

rather than the value of the peak during the interval. Sample mode is

 

not used to measure signal amplitudes accurately because it may not

 

find the true peak of the signal.

 

Video averaging clarifies low-level signals in wide bandwidths by

 

averaging the signal and the noise. As the analyzer takes sweeps, you

 

can watch video averaging smooth the trace.

Chapter 1

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Contents Signal Analysis Measurement Guide Safety Information Warranty Limitation of Warranty Contents Demodulating and Listening to an AM Signal Making Basic Measurements What is in This Chapter Test Equipment Test Equipment Specifications Recommended ModelSignal Comparison Example Comparing SignalsPlacing a Marker on the 10 MHz Signal Using the Marker Delta Function Frequency and Amplitude Difference Between Signals Resolving Signals of Equal Amplitude Press SPAN, 2, MHz to bring the signal to center screen Resolving Signals ExampleUnresolved Signals of Equal Amplitude Or linked to the center frequency Resolving Small Signals Hidden by Large Set one source to 300 MHz at − 10 dBm 10 Signal Resolution with a 10 kHz Resolution Bandwidth 12 Signal Resolution with a 30 kHz Resolution Bandwidth Better Frequency Measurement Example Making Better Frequency Measurements13 Using Marker Counter Decreasing the Frequency Span Example Decreasing the Frequency Span Around the Signal14 Detected Signal 16 After Zooming In on the Signal Tracking Signal Drift Example Tracking Drifting Signals17 Signal With Default Span 19 Signal With 500 kHz Span 21 Using Signal Tracking to Track a Drifting Signal 22 Signal With Default Span 24 Signal With 500 KHz Span 25 Viewing a Drifting Signal With Max Hold and Clear Write Measuring Low Level Signals Example Measuring Low Level Signals26 Low-Level Signal 28 Using 0 dB Attenuation 29 Decreasing Resolution Bandwidth 30 30 kHz Video Bandwidth 31 Decreasing Video Bandwidth 32 Without Video Averaging 33 Using the Video Averaging Function Identifying Distortion Products Distortion from the AnalyzerIdentifying Analyzer Generated Distortion Example 34 Harmonic Distortion 36 RF Attenuation of 10 dB Identifying TOI Distortion Example Third-Order Intermodulation Distortion38 Third-Order Intermodulation Equipment Setup 39 Measuring the Distortion Product 40 Measuring the Distortion Product Signal-to-Noise Measurement Example Measuring Signal-to-Noise= 70 dB/Hz + 10 × log 30 kHz = -25.23 dB ⁄ 30 kHz Noise Measurement Example Making Noise Measurements42 Setting the Attenuation 43 Activating the Noise Marker 45 Increased Resolution Bandwidth 46 Noise Marker in Signal Skirt MHz 48 Viewing Power Between Markers 49 Measuring the Power in the Span Demodulating an AM Signal Example 50 Viewing an AM Signal 51 Measuring Modulation In Zero Span 52 Measuring Modulation In Zero Span 54 Measuring Time Parameters 55 Continuous Demodulation of an AM Signal Demodulating a FM Signal Example Demodulating FM Signals56 Establishing the Offset Point 57 Determining the Offset Demodulate the FM Signal 58 Demodulating a Broadcast Signal Making Complex Measurements Required Test Equipment What’s in This ChapterStepping Through a Transmission Measurement Using An Analyzer With a Tracking GeneratorMaking Stimulus Response Measurements What Are Stimulus Response Measurements?Transmission Measurement Test Setup Tracking Generator Output Power Activated Decrease the Resolution Bandwidth to Improve Sensitivity Measure the Rejection Range Measuring Device Bandwidth Tracking Generator Unleveled ConditionExample DB Bandwidth Measurement at -3 dB N dB Bandwidth Measurement at -60 dB Measuring Stop Band Attenuation Using Log SweepScale Type Log Tracking Generator Output Power Activated in Log Sweep 10 Normalized Trace After Reconnecting DUT 12 Minimum Stop Band Attenuation Example Making a Reflection Calibration MeasurementReflection Calibration 14 Short Circuit Normalized Measuring the Return LossVswr Demodulating and Listening to an AM Signal Example Demodulating and Listening to an AM SignalNext Pk Right, or Next Pk Left Sweep Time, 5, s 17 Continuous Demodulation of an AM Signal Demodulating and Listening to an AM Signal

E7402A, E7405A, E7404A, E7401A, E7403A specifications

Agilent Technologies, a leader in test and measurement solutions, offers a range of spectrum analyzers designed to meet the evolving demands of the electronics industry. The E7403A, E7401A, E7404A, E7405A, and E7402A are prominent models that embody advanced features and technologies, enhancing performance, accuracy, and user experience.

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In conclusion, Agilent Technologies' E7403A, E7401A, E7404A, E7405A, and E7402A spectrum analyzers provide a robust set of features tailored to meet diverse industry needs. Utilizing sophisticated technologies, these models ensure precise and efficient signal analysis, making them indispensable tools for engineers and researchers in the fast-paced world of electronics.
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