VIII. Low Water Cut Off (LWCO)
WARNING
DO NOT ATTEMPT to cut factory wires to install an aftermarket Low Water Cut Off (LWCO). Only use connections specifically identified for Low Water Cut Off.
In all cases, follow the Low Water Cut Off (LWCO) manufacturer's instructions.
When
A low water cutoff is required to protect a hot water boiler when any connected heat distributor (radiation) is installed below the top of the hot water boiler (i.e. baseboard on the same floor level as the boiler). In addition, some jurisdictions require the use of a LWCO with a hot water boiler.
Where
The universal location for a LWCO on both gas and oil hot water boilers is above the boiler, in either the supply or return piping. The minimum safe water level of a water boiler is at the uppermost top of the boiler; that is, it must be full of water to operate safely.
What Kind
Typically, in residential applications, a probe type LWCO is used instead of a float type, due to their relative costs and the simplicity of piping for a probe LWCO.
How to Pipe
A “tee” is commonly used to connect the probe LWCO to the supply or return piping, as shown below.
LWCO Location
Select the appropriate size tee using the LWCO manufacturer’s instructions. Often, the branch connection must have a minimum diameter to prevent bridging between the probe and the tee. Also, the run of the tee must have a minimum diameter to prevent the end of the probe from touching or being located too close to the inside wall of the run of the tee.
Ideally, manual shutoff valves should be located above the LWCO and the boiler to allow for servicing. This will allow probe removal for inspection without draining the heating system. Many probe LWCO
manufacturers recommend an annual inspection of the probe.
How to Wire
LWCO’s are available in either 120 VAC or 24 VAC configurations. The 120 VAC configuration can be universally applied to both gas and oil boilers by wiring it in the line voltage service to the boiler (after the service switch, if so equipped).
The presence of water in a properly installed LWCO will cause the normally open contact of the LWCO to close, thus providing continuity of the 120 VAC service to the boiler.
It is recommended to supply power to the probe LWCO with the same line voltage boiler service as shown below.
Wiring of Typical LWCO
A 24 VAC LWCO is used primarily for gas fired boilers where a 24 volt control circuit exists within the boiler. However, a 24 VAC LWCO can only be used if the boiler manufacturer has provided piping and wiring connections and instructions to allow for this application.
How to Test
Shut off fuel supply. Lower water level until water level is BELOW the LWCO. Generate a boiler demand by turning up thermostat. Boiler should not attempt to operate. Increase the water level by filling the system. The boiler should attempt to operate once the water level is above the LWCO.
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