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HP UX Software Transition Kit (STK) manual Runpath

Models: UX Software Transition Kit (STK)

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3.SHLIB_PATH (if set)

4.RUNPATH

5.the default location /usr/lib/hpux32 for 32-bit programs and /usr/lib/hpux64 for 64-bit programs.

6.current working directory (dlopen and dlopene only)

84 Linker Toolset Differences Between PA-RISC and Itanium-Based Systems

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HP UX Software Transition Kit (STK) manual Runpath

Contents

HP-UX Linker and Libraries Users Guide Page Contents Contents Creating and Using Libraries Linker Tools for Itanium-Based SystemsLinker Tools for PA-RISC Systems Contents Shared Library Management Routines 136 Contents Contents Using Mapfiles 191 Writing and Generating Position-Independent Code 185Improving Your Application Performance 202 Glossary 225 Document conventions and symbols Intended AudienceRelated Information Document conventionsHP Encourages Your Comments Document OrganizationUsing Mapfiles Improving Your Application PerformanceCompiling Programs on HP-UX An Example OverviewThis chapter addresses the following Compiling Programs on HP-UX An Example What is an Object File? Looking Inside a CompilerCompiler-Linker Interaction Local DefinitionsGlobal Definitions External ReferencesCc Entering Link editor Linking Programs on HP-UX Crt0.o Startup FileA.out File Magic Numbers PA-RISC onlyPrograms Entry Point Linker uses four startup files32-bit Mode Magic Number Linker Options Library Naming Conventions Default Libraries Link OrderLinking with Libraries File PermissionsDefault Libraries Default Library Search PathLibrary Naming Conventions Link OrderDeferred Binding is the Default Running the ProgramLoading Programs exec Binding Routines to a ProgramLinker Thread-Safe Features Determining How to Link Programs or Libraries Linker Tasks Using the Compiler to Link Changing the Default Library Search Path with -Wl, -LExample Using -Wl, -L Passing Linker Options from the Compiler Command with -Wl Example Using -WlGetting Verbose Output with Renaming the Output File with -oUsing Linker Commands Suppressing the Link-Edit Phase with -cLinking with the crt0.o Startup File in 32-bit mode PA-RISC Overriding the Default Linker Search Path with LpathUsing $ORIGIN Augmenting the Default Linker Search Path with -LAugmenting the Default Linker Search Path with +origin Changing the Default Shared Library Binding with -B Example Using -B immediateNonfatal Shared Library Binding with -B nonfatal Restricted Shared Library Binding with -B restrictedDirect Shared Library Binding with -B direct Shared Library Binding with -B groupLazydirect Shared Library Binding with -B lazydirect Shared Library Binding with -B nodeleteImproving Shared Library Performance with -B symbolic Example Using -B symbolicComparing -B symbolic with -h and +e Case 1 Building a Shared Library with -B symbolicOr export the convertrtn symbol Symbol Hidden in a Shared LibraryOption Settings to -a Example Using -aChoosing Archive or Shared Libraries with -a Linking Shared Libraries with -dynamicExporting Symbols with +e Example Using +eWhen to use -h versus +e Linking Archived Libraries with -nosharedExporting Symbols with +ee Exporting Symbols from main with -EEmitting debug information in a separate file Hiding Symbols from Export with +hideallsymbols Hiding Symbols with -hExample Using -h Tips on Using -hHiding and Exporting Symbols When Building a Shared Library Hiding Symbols when Combining .o Files with the -r OptionHiding and Exporting Symbols when Creating an a.out File Not Recording Link Time Paths with +nodefaultrapth Moving Libraries after Linking with +bSpecifying a Path List with +b Syntax of the +b option isPath List Moving Libraries After Linking with +s and Shlibpath Ignoring Dynamic Path Environment Variables with +noenvvarSpecifying a Path List with +s and Shlibpath For more information Path ListThereafter, the following commands would be equivalent Controlling Archive Library Loading with +noforceloadPassing Linker Options in a file with -c Passing Linker Options with LdoptsFlagging Unsatisfied Symbols with +noallowunsats Using the -l optionExample Using -l Specifying Libraries with -l and -lUsing the IPF Linker with +compat or +std Using the Linker with +compat for Compatibility ModeControlling Output from the Unwind Table with +strip unwind Using the Linker with +std for Standard Mode Dynamicflag is passed to shlloadLinking in PA-64 Mode with +std Linking in PA-32 Mode with +compatChanging Mapfiles with -k and +nodefaultmap Selecting Verbose Output with +vtypeAll Turning on the linkage table protection with +protect Creating read-only text segment in Mpas executableAllocating Storage for Uninitialized Data with +nobss Initializing Floating Point Environment with +FPFlags that are supported Turn Off Linker Warnings with -w Changing a Programs Attributes with chatr1 Linker toolset for Itanium-Based systemsOptions to change various attributes Libname+as mode ImmediateDeferred +b flagEnabledisable +protect disable+md flag +memcheckViewing Symbols in an Object file with nm1 Format Viewing the Contents of an Object File with elfdump1 +linkmap +linkmapbss+linkmapfile +objdebugSymbol resolution problems to stderr SymbolViewing Library Dependencies with ldd1 +T num2Example 3 Using the ldd command Listing Dynamic Libraries with pldd1Printing a Stack Trace with pstack1 Options to view information specified filesLevel with level ParameterExample 5 Calling pstack with a process id Example 6 Calling pstack with -level optionLinker Tools for Itanium-Based Systems Viewing the Size of Object File Elements with size1 Reducing Storage Space with strip1Example 9 Calling pstack with special argument Improving Program Start-up with fastbind1 Options to control the amount of information strippedTracing Inter-Module Procedure Calls with ltrace1 Finding Object Library Ordering Relationships with lorder1Example 10 Example Example 11 Examples$/usr/ccs/bin/ltrace ./a.out -a arg1 arg2 arg3 .. argn Using chatr for 32-bit Program Attributes Using chatr for 64-bit Program Attributes For the 32-bit compatible syntaxFor the 64-bit only syntax +dz+si +saExample 12 Viewing Symbols in an Object file with nm1 $THISSHORTBSS$To view Optional list of symbol resolution problems to stderr Example 13 Viewing library dependencies with ldd1 To display Example 14 Improving Program Start-up with fastbind1 Before you ran fastbind on it$ ar cr library `lorder *.o tsort` PA-RISC Changes in Hardware Compatibility ELF Object File FormatPA-RISC 2.0 Compatibility PA-RISC Architectures and Their System ModelsVersions of PA-RISC architecture +objdebug mode +nosrcposPA64 Mode Linker Options Linker-Defined SymbolsThis section describes the PA64 mode linker options Symbol names Dynamic Path Searching for Shared LibrariesRunpath Perform 32-bit link Symbol Searching in Dependent Libraries PA-64, IPF 64-bit mode exampleSystem Libraries Locations and Library Name Extension System Library LocationShared Library Extension suffix Statically-bound programs archive-bound programs Using Libraries on HP-UX Overview of Shared and Archive LibrariesCreating Libraries on HP-UX Creating Archive Libraries Creating Shared LibrariesWhat are Archive Libraries? Out filesDefault Behavior When Searching for Libraries at Run Time What are Shared Libraries?Dynamic Loader Example Program Comparing Shared and Archive Libraries Running setuid ProgramsTwo Processes Sharing libc Creating Archive Libraries Profiling Shared Libraries with gprof1Contents of an Archive File Overview of Creating an Archive LibraryExample of Creating an Archive Library Summary of Keys to the ar1 Command Replacing, Adding, and Deleting an Object ModuleReplacing or Adding an Object Module Deleting an Object ModuleUsing /usr/lib and /usr/lib/pa2064 Using /usr/local/lib or /usr/contrib/libCreating Shared Libraries Archive Library Location IPFExample Using +z Creating Position-Independent Code PICCreating the Shared Library with ld Comparing +z and +ZShared Library Dependencies Order in Which Libraries are Loaded Load GraphPlacing Loaded Libraries in the Search List LibDUpdating a Shared Library Shared Library Location IPFImproving Shared Library Performance Incompatible Changes to a Shared LibraryConsider a case where a.out has the following dependents That is, a.out is built with commands like theseLdpreload Example Symbol resolution order for the user libraries is Ldpreload Example PA-RISCBit Behavior Out -- libA.sl -- libC.sl -- libD.sl -- libB.sl Using Profile-Based Optimization on Shared Libraries Exporting Only the Required SymbolsPlacing Frequently-Called Routines Together Using the +ESlit/+Olit=all Option to cc Making Shared Libraries Non-WritableY.o None+condrodata Command-Line Option Using Filtered Shared Libraries 32-bit Mode OnlyBuilding Filtered Shared Libraries Run time behavior of filtered shared libraries InitializersWhen to Use Shared Library Versioning Version Control with Shared LibrariesFunction Level Versioning How to Use Library-Level Versioning Maintaining Old Versions of Library ModulesLibrary-Level Versioning File System Links to Shared Libraries Creating a New, Incompatible Version of the Library+h Option and Internal Names Using shlload3X with Library-Level Versioning Then set up the corresponding file system linksIntra-Library Versioning PA-RISC only Version Number Compiler DirectiveShared Library Dependencies and Version Control Adding New Versions to a Shared Library#pragma Hpshlibversion date $SHLIBVERSION dateSwitching from Archive to Shared Libraries Relying on Undocumented Linker BehaviorSpecifying a Version Date Absolute Virtual Addresses Stack UsageVersion Control Debugger LimitationsUsing the chroot Command with Shared Libraries Summary of HP-UX LibrariesProfiling Limitations Example 1 Unsatisfied Symbols Example 1 Unsatisfied Symbols CompilingExample 1 Unsatisfied Symbols Creating the Executable Example 1 Unsatisfied Symbols Modifying a FunctionExample 2 Using shlload3X Example 1 Unsatisfied Symbols Problem of Unsatisfied SymbolExample 2 Using shlload3X Creating the Executable Example 2 Using shlload3X Rebuilding the Shared Library Example 3 Hidden DefinitionsExample 3 Hidden Definitions Compiling Using Shared Libraries in Default Mode Example 3 Hidden Definitions Modifying a FunctionInternal Name Processing Dthpneeded entryShared Library Symbol Binding Semantics Link-Time Symbol Resolution in Shared LibrariesDynamic Path Searching for Shared Libraries Resolution of Unsatisfied Shared Library References If these files are compiled and linked asPA-32 linker toolset produces Promotion of Uninitialized Global Data Items Symbol Searching in Dependent Libraries Mixed Mode Shared Libraries Search Order of Dependent LibrariesIPF Library Examples Libfile4.soFollowing example builds a standard mode library Library example IPF Dynamic Path SearchingLibrary Example IPF Compatibility Mode Link You can use chatr+s to enable a.out in file1 and file2For the following libraries with dependencies Linking Libraries with +b pathlist When linking main.o, the link order is 1. ./libbar.so found Linker issues the following error messageAbove example, if you type InsteadShared Library Management Routine Summaries Dlopen Routines SummaryDo not mix use of the shlload and dlopen APIs Dl* routines for shared library managementRelated Files and Commands Shared Library Header FilesShlload Routine Summary Routines for shared library managementUsing Shared Libraries with cc and ld Options Initializers for Shared LibrariesStyles of Initializers Init/Fini Style InitializersUsing Init/Fini Initializers HP-UX-10.X Style InitializersInit and Fini Usage Example Source for lib1.so file lib1.c lib1 Ordering Within an Executable or Shared Library Finis from any .o files used in my64bit.aOrdering Among Executables and Shared Libraries Using HP-UX 10.X Style Initializers Declaring the Initializer with the +I OptionOrder of Execution of Multiple Initializers Accessing Initializers Addresses Initializer SyntaxExample An Initializer for Each Library Source for testlib.c #include stdio.h #include dl.h main Example a Common Initializer for Multiple Libraries Source for Initializer file init.c #include dl.hFollowing are the commands used to build these libraries Following is the command to create the executable testlib2 Dlopen Shared Library Management RoutinesDlopen Routine SyntaxReturn Values ParametersDescription Dlopen Shared Library Management Routines Using dlopen to load a shared library Dlsetlibpath Routine SynopsisRtldflagdisablestdpath Rtldflagdisablecwdpath Using dlsetlibpath to set the dynamic search pathErrors Dlerrno RoutineDlgetfileinfo Routine Multithread UsageShared Library Management Routines Dlerror Routine Using dlerror to get diagnostic informationDlsym Routine Usage HandleDlget Routine IndexDesc DescsizeUsing dlget to retrieve information about loaded modules Dlmodinfo RoutineUsing dlmodinfo to retrieve information about a load module Dlgetname RoutineUsing dlgetname to retrieve pathname Dlclose RoutineDlclose routine closes a shared library Int dlclosevoid *handleUsing dlclose to unload a shared library Dladdr routine gets the symbolic information for an addressDladdr Routine Diagnostics Using dladdr to get the symbolic information for an address Following example shows how to use dladdr toDlmodadd Routine Dlmodremove removes information registered using dlmodadd Dlmodremove RoutineDlgetmodinfo Routine Using dlgetmodinfo Following example shows how to use dlgetmodinfoShlload Shared Library Management Routines Shlload RoutineParameters Shlload routine explicitly loads a libraryEnomem Shlload Usage Shlload ExampleLoadlib Function to Load a Shared Library Bindnonfatal Modifier Bindverbose ModifierBindfirst Modifier Dynamicpath ModifierLibG together and correctly resolves all symbols Shlfindsym RoutineBindtogether Modifier Bindbreadthfirst ModifierShlt handle Handle = NullShlfindsym&handle,foo Same as TypedataShlfindsym Example Shlget and shlgetr Routines IndexExample Shlgethandle and shlgethandler Routines Shldefinesym RoutineShlgetsymbols Routine Typeprocedure Shlsymbol Structure Showsymbols Display Shared Library SymbolsMembers of the shlsymbol structure are defined as follows Example 17 shlgetsymbols ExampleShowall Use showsymbols to Show All Symbols Showall program shown above was compiled with the commandOutput produced by running this program is shown below Shlunload Routine FpumodelstorageDynamic Loader Compatibility Warnings Unsupported Shared Library Management RoutinesUnsupported Shared Library Management Flags Shlunload Routine Returning EtxtbsyTypeprocedure Typedata Typestorage What is a Relocatable Object Code? What is a Absolute Object Code?What is a Position-Independent Code? Generating Position-Independent CodePIC Requirements for Compilers and Assembly Code Long Branches and Switch Tables Long CallsAssigned Goto Statements Literal ReferencesProcedure Labels Global and Static Variable ReferencesWriting and Generating Position-Independent Code Changing Mapfiles with -k filename and +nodefaultmap Mapfile Example Using -k mapfile and +nodefaultmapControlling Mapfiles with the -k Option Using Mapfiles Default HP-UX 11.0 Release Mapfile IPF 32-bit linker uses the following default mapfileSimple Mapfile Following directives show how a simple mapfile would appearUsing Mapfiles Defining Syntax for Mapfile Directives Defining Mapfile Segment Declarations Segment FlagsAttributes and their values Segment declarations support the following segment flagsDefining Mapfile Section Mapping Directives Mapfile Segment Declaration ExamplesSection attributes and their valid values are as follows Placement of Segments in an Executable Internal Map StructureMapping Input Sections to Segments Map Structure Mapfile Option Error Messages Fatal ErrorsMapfile Option Error Messages Linker Optimizations Invoking Linker Optimizations from the Compile LineUnused Procedure Elimination with +Oprocelim Incompatibilities with other OptionsComplete Executables Profile-Based Optimization PA-RISC Using PBO When to Use PBOHow to Use PBO Instrumenting +I/-I Startup File icrt0.o -I Linker OptionCode Generation from I-SOMs Profiling Building Portable Code with Linker OptimizationStoring Profile Information for Multiple Programs Optimizing Based on Profile Data +P/-P -P Linker OptionUsing The flow.data File Specifying a Different flow.data File with +dfSpecifying a Different flow.data with Flowdata Interaction between Flowdata and +dfUsing PBO to Optimize Shared Libraries Selecting an Optimization Level with PBOUsing PBO with ld -r Restrictions and Limitations of PBO Size Compatibility with 9.0 PBO Essentially emptyOptions to Improve TLB Hit Rates Profile-Based Optimization ItaniumIncremental Linking Example 19 ExamplesAny of the padding spaces have been exhausted Using Incremental Linking Options Archive Library ProcessingShared Library Processing PerformanceReusing Compiled Object Files PA-RISC Improving Performance with the Global Symbol TableImproving Performance by Optimizing the Hash Table Size Improving Performance with Function Symbol Aliasing Using fastbindImproving Shared Library Start-Up Time with fastbind Example 20 ExampleHow to Tell if fastbind Information is Current Invoking the fastbind ToolInvoking fastbind from the Linker Example 21 ExampleRemoving fastbind Information from a File Turning off fastbind at Run TimeExample 22 Example See the fastbind1 manGlossary SOM PBO Rpath