Freescale Semiconductor M68HC08 manual Hardware Implementation, System Modules

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Chapter 4

Hardware Design

4.1 Hardware Implementation

This chapter covers the system hardware implementation. The dimmable light ballast board is shown in Figure 4-1.

Figure 4-1. Dimmable Light Ballast - Demo Board

4.2 System Modules

The light ballast system hardware is shown in the block diagram in Figure 4-2. It incorporates the controller board, powered from AC line and fluorescent tubes. As can be seen, the controller board contains four major parts:

•Input and PFC (Input EMI Filter, Bridge Rectifier, Boost topology PFC circuit, DC-bus Voltage, DC-bus Sensing, Mains Zero Crossing Sensing, Comparator Circuit, Buffer Circuit)

•Inverter (Half-bridge Drive, Resonant Circuit, Output Inductance Circuity, Different Voltage Sensing, Tube Currents Sensing)

•Microcontroller (MC68HC908LB8)

•Power Supply (Switch Mode Power Supply)

Detailed descriptions of the individual parts of the controller boards follows. Note that the reference design includes the PCB design files and bill of materials (BOM).

Dimmable Light Ballast with Power Factor Correction, Rev. 1

Freescale Semiconductor

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Contents Dimmable Light Ballast with Power Factor Correction Page Designer Reference Manual Dimmable Light Ballast with Power Factor CorrectionDraft 2 for Review Chapter Control Theory Contents Chapter IntroductionChapter Reference Design Chapter Hardware DesignAppendix A. Schematics and Part List Chapter Demo SetupChapter Software Design Appendix B. ReferencesIntroduction Benefits of this SolutionMC68HC908LB8 Microcontroller MC68HC908LB8 Microcontroller Freescale Semiconductor Fluorescent Lamp Operation Fluorescent Lamp Control TheoryTypical Low Pressure Fluorescent Tube I/V Characteristic Typical Fluorescent Tube Equivalent Circuit in Steady State Controlling the Fluorescent LampControl Theory PFC Control Theory Main Characteristics of the Dual Switch TopologiesDigital Power Factor Concept Hysteresis Current Control Mode Hysteresis Current Control Mode Current Waveform Digital Power Factor Concept Discontinuous Conduction ModeDiscontinuous Conduction Mode Principle Generated Input Current Waveform Concept SummaryFreescale Semiconductor Application Outline Dimmable Light Ballast CharacteristicsApplication Description Light Ballast CharacteristicsLight Ballast Control Power Factor CorrectionHardware Specification Software SpecificationProtection Features Software SpecificationSystem Modules Hardware ImplementationInput and PFC Dimmable Light Ballast Input and PFC Inverter Dimmable Light Ballast Inverter Microcontroller J1 Luminance Header Dimmable Light Ballast MicrocontrollerJ2 Interface Header Supplied Voltages Power SupplyFreescale Semiconductor Control Algorithm Description Chapter Software DesignDC-bus Voltage Control Power Factor Correction ControlTube Start Mode Roundi tmin ⋅ AD max ⁄ i max Software Implementation Initialization SetupPWM Setup PWM Frequency = BusFrequency Hz Hz Main Program Loop Sine Wave Generation Interrupt Routine Synchronization Interrupt RoutineFlow Chart Sine Wave Generation Interrupt Routine Fault Detection and Processing Detailed Software Description Flow Chart timovISR and faultISRFlow Chart Main Flow, Part Reference sine gain Yes Is preheat frequency reached? Has 1ms gone? 10. Flow Chart Main Flow, Part Microcontroller Peripheral Usage Microcontroller UsageProgram and Data Memory Usage Memory Usage3 I/O Usage Definitions of Constants and VariablesI/O Usage System Setup Definitions Defines the maximum HRP frequency in kHz during run mode Defines the minimum HRP frequency in kHz during run modeRepresents the number of fault states during run mode Represents the number of fault states during tube ignitionExtern tSWFLAGS Swflags System Constants and VariablesExtern tU08 CurrT1 Software Setup Hardware SetupRequired Software Tools Building and Uploading the ApplicationProject Files Executing the Application\prm\P&EFCSlinker.prm, linker program file \Sources\main.c, main programSchematics Appendix A. Schematics and Part List7mH 7mH Figure A-3. Inverter TOP BOT TOP Figure A-6. Power supply Table A-1. Printed Circuit Board Parts List Parts ListInternational IRF830A Dimmable Light Ballast with Power Factor Correction, Rev Appendix B. References Dimmable Light Ballast with Power Factor Correction, Rev Page How to Reach Us
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M68HC08 specifications

Freescale Semiconductor, known for its innovative solutions in the field of embedded systems, developed the M68HC08 microcontroller family, which includes the MC68HC908QT2. This 8-bit microcontroller is engineered to meet the demands of diverse applications, including automotive, industrial, and consumer electronics.

The MC68HC908QT2 is designed around Freescale’s M68HC08 core, which is renowned for its efficient and reliable performance. This microcontroller integrates a powerful instruction set, enabling developers to create high-performance applications with relatively low power consumption. The device operates at a clock frequency of up to 3 MHz, which is adequate for various control tasks.

One of the key features of the MC68HC908QT2 is its memory architecture. It includes a 2 KB Flash memory for program storage, representing a significant advantage for developers requiring non-volatile memory. Additionally, it encompasses 128 bytes of EEPROM memory, allowing for data retention even after power loss. The microcontroller also has 256 bytes of RAM for efficient data manipulation during operation.

In terms of input/output capabilities, the MC68HC908QT2 supports a variety of interfacing options. The microcontroller features up to 20 general-purpose I/O pins for flexibility in connecting with peripheral devices. Additionally, it provides multiple analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and timers that facilitate efficient analog signal processing and precise control through timing functions.

The architecture of the MC68HC908QT2 also incorporates sophisticated on-chip peripherals, enhancing its functionality. These peripherals include PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) outputs, which are essential for applications requiring motor control and other precise duty cycle processes. The integrated watchdog timer ensures reliable operation by resetting the system in the event of an application failure.

Moreover, the MC68HC908QT2 is equipped with an efficient power management system, enabling operation in a low-power mode, ideal for battery-powered applications. This microcontroller is packaged in a compact 28-pin dual in-line package (DIP), making it suitable for space-constrained designs.

In summary, the Freescale Semiconductor MC68HC908QT2 microcontroller is distinguished by its robust performance, extensive memory options, and versatile I/O capabilities. Its advanced features, including built-in timers, ADC, and a power management system, make it an exceptional choice for developers seeking to implement reliable and efficient embedded solutions. With its comprehensive architecture, the MC68HC908QT2 remains a popular choice in the landscape of 8-bit microcontrollers.
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