
A 4 ohm speaker may experience a drop in impedance 4- 6 times lower than its nominal (printed) impedance. A speaker will also create phase shifts in the signal that is passed through it. These phase shifts happen because a speaker is an inductor (voice coil) and a capacitor (compliance of the surround/spider), as well as a resistor (voice coil wire).
To simulate a speaker the Audio Graph PowerCube measures output power into 20 different loads. It tests at 8 ohms, 4 ohms, 2 ohms and 1 ohm. Each of these impedances is also tested at 
Information Cubed
The data acquired in the testing procedure is then graphed in the form of a 
The Phase Angle is expressed on the horizontal axis, the Output Voltage is presented on the vertical axis and the Impedance is displayed on the Z axis. Output Power, in watts, is listed on the left hand side for each impedance at each phase angle.
Audio Graph – The PowerCube
| MODEL BEING | VOLTAGE FROM | x4 = STEREO | 
 | MANUFACTURERS | |
| TESTED | 
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 | BATTERY | MONO = BRIDGED MONO* | |||
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 | RATED OUTPUT | |||
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| Amplifier: PUNCH 4040 14.4V x 4 | 
 | Rated Power : 20W at 4 Ohms | |||
| Serial No: B1AB13A000016 | 
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| Owner : ROCKFORD CORPORATION | 
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I M P E D A N C E
| 8Ω  | 20 W | 
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| 20 W | POWER | ||
| 0° | 19 W | ||
| IN | |||
| 30° | 
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| 20 W | { WATTS | ||
| 60° | 20 W | 
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| 4Ω  | 38 W | 
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| 35 W | 
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| 0° | 35 W | 
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| 30° | 36 W | 
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| 60° | 38 W | 
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| 2Ω  | 66 W | 
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| 60 W | 
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| 0° | 58 W | 
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| 30° | 60 W | ||
| 60° | 64 W | ||
| 0° | |||
| 1Ω  | 100 W | ||
| 87 W | PHASE{ANGLES | ||
| 0° | 84 W | ||
| 30° | 87 W | "MOTION OF | |
| 60° | 100 W | SPEAKER" | |
| 
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*If a Bridged/Mono, test amplifier sees 1/2 impedance (2Ω
1Ω (Ind) +60°
test amp sees 1Ω )
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
AT THE RAILS100V (MOSFETS)
60V
20V
8Ω
4Ω
2Ω
{ Impedance
29