1. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
1.1 What is Radar?
The term “RADAR” is an acronym meaning RAdio Detection And Ranging. Although the basic principles of radar were developed dur- ing World War II, echoes as an aid to naviga- tion is not a new development.
1.2How Ships Determined Position Before Radar
Before the invention of radar, when running in fog near a rugged shoreline, ships would sound a short blast on their whistles, fire a shot, or strike a bell. The time between the origination of the sound and the returning of the echo indi- cated how far the ship was from the cliffs or the shore. The direction from which the echo was heard indicated the relative bearing of the shore.
1.3 How Radar Determines Range
Radar determines the distance to the target by calculating the time difference between the transmission of a radar signal and the reception of the reflected echo. It is a known fact that ra- dar waves travel at a nearly constant speed of 162,000 nautical miles per second. Therefore the time required for a transmitted signal to travel to the target and return as an echo to the source is a measure of the distance to the tar- get. Note that the echo makes a complete round trip, but only half the time of travel is needed to determine the
1.4How Radar Determines Bearing
The bearing to a target found by the radar is determined by the direction in which the radar scanner antenna is pointing when it emits an electronic pulse and then receives a returning echo. Each time the scanner rotates pulses are transmitted in the full 360 degree circle, each pulse at a slightly different bearing from the previous one. Therefore, if one knows the di- rection in which the signal is sent out, one knows the direction from which the echo must return.
1.5Radar Wave Speed and Antenna Rotation Speed
Note that the speed of the radar waves out to the target and back again as echoes is extremely fast compared to the speed of rotation of the antenna. By the time radar echoes have returned to the scanner, the amount of scanner rotation after initial transmission of the radar pulse is extremely small.
1.6 The Radar Display
The range and bearing of a target are displayed on what is called a Plan Position Indicator (PPI). This display is essentially a polar diagram, with the transmitting ship’s position at the center. Images of target echoes are received and dis- played at their relative bearings, and at their distance from the PPI center.
With a continuous display of the images of tar- gets, the motion of the transmitting ship is also displayed.