Apple 2 manual What Is a Sample?, Editing a File’s Samples

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What Is a Sample?

A sample is the smallest measure of digital audio. To understand how small a sample is, consider this: one second of audio requires thousands of samples. Commonly used sample rates include 44.1 kHz for CD-quality audio and 48 kHz for digital video–quality audio files.

Each solid dot in the waveform at the left represents a digital sample.

Samples are produced by analog-to-digital converters that measure (sample) continuously changing analog audio strength and that output discrete numbers at regular intervals of time.

In Soundtrack Pro, you define your sample rate, the size of the digital samples used in your project, when you configure your project settings.

Editing a File’s Samples

While most edits don’t require moving samples individually, some sound editors prefer to work at the sample level. You can easily edit the individual samples of an audio file, changing the amplitude of one or several samples.

Chapter 3 Working with Individual Audio Files

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Contents Getting Started Apple Inc Copyright 2007 Apple Inc. All rights reserved Contents Analyzing and Fixing Problems in an Audio File Solving Audio ProblemsMixing Stereo Surround ProjectsAbout This Book About Soundtrack ProWhat You’ll Need 1Starting Your Project Assembling Media To open Soundtrack Pro Opening Soundtrack ProDo You Need More Equipment? Setting Up Your Computer’s Audio SystemTo create a new multitrack project Creating a New Multitrack ProjectTo set a project’s sample rate Click the Project tab and enter settings for your projectBrowsing for Media To locate files using the BrowserAssembling Media in Soundtrack Pro Searching for Files To search for files using the Search tabTo add a file to the Favorites tab Adding Files to the Favorites TabWhere’s Your Media? Indexing Your Personal Media FilesPage 2Assembling Your Multitrack Project Music Working with Multitrack ProjectsTo play your project Playing and Saving a Multitrack ProjectTo do this Do this To stop playbackTo save your project Assembling Your Multitrack Project To add an audio clip to a track Adding Clips to the TimelineTo add a video file to the video track in your project Editing Clips in the TimelineTo change the length of a clip To move a clip on a trackTo delete a clip To cut a clip into several segmentsTo cut all clips down the length of the Timeline Adding Markers to the TimelineTo move the playhead between markers To add a marker to the TimelineTo add name or comment text to a marker To create a fade in a clip in the Timeline To reshape a fade’s contour using the Fade Selector HUDCreating a Fade in an Audio Clip To add a crossfade between two audio clips Adding a Crossfade Between Two ClipsCustomizing a Track, Bus, or Submix Adding Tracks, Busses, and Submixes to a Multitrack ProjectAdding, Moving, and Removing Tracks, Busses, and Submixes To change the color of a track or bus To change the icon for a track, bus, or submixWorking with Stereo and Surround Track Panners To adjust stereo panning on a trackUnderstanding Surround Sound To switch a track or bus panner to surroundMove the puck to determine where the sound goes To adjust surround panning on a trackRouting Your Multitrack Project Adding Effects to Your Multitrack Project Compressor effect is selected Assembling Your Multitrack Project To automate a track’s parameters Control-click the envelope point, choose Set Value from Editing Audio Files Working with Individual Audio FilesHow Soundtrack Pro Processes Audio Files Where to Edit Audio FilesTracking File and Clip Relationships Editing Single Audio Files in File Editor Project View To save an audio file project or other single audio file To send the edited audio back to Logic Pro Opening a Logic Pro Audio File in Soundtrack ProTo open a Logic Pro audio file in Soundtrack Pro Adding Processes and Effects to a File with Actions Here are some easy ways to work with actions To flatten your Actions list Flattening an Actions ListScrubbing a File Using the File Editor ToolsTo scrub a file To zoom in to a file Zooming In to a FileEditing a File’s Samples What Is a Sample?To edit a file’s samples To time stretch a file Time Stretching an Audio FileTo view a file’s frequency spectrum Editing a File in Frequency Spectrum ViewTo select a frequency region To view the Soundtrack Pro advanced frequency controlsAnalyzing and Fixing Problems in an Audio File 4Solving Audio ProblemsTo analyze an audio file for problems To examine a found problem To fix problems one at a time Fundamentals of Mixing 5Mixing Stereo Surround ProjectsWorking in the Soundtrack Pro Mixer To do this Do this To mix the first set of voice tracks Steps for Mixing a ProjectMixing the Voice Tracks Adjust each track’s panning To mix the dialogue tracks Dialog 1 and Dialog Mixing the Effects and Music TracksTo mix an effects or music track Adjusting the Entire MixTo make changes to the overall mix Use the Meters tab to watch for clipping To find and correct clipping Correcting Clipping on the Master Bus or for Exported ItemsListening One More Time To listen to a temporary mono mix Page 6Exporting Your Multitrack Project Export Dialog To export a master mix of a multitrack project Exporting a Final MixTo export a submix Exporting a SubmixExporting a Multitrack Project to Final Cut Pro To add podcast markers to your project Exporting a PodcastThis example has two podcast regions or chapters Saving a Multitrack Project with Its Media Files To save a project and its media files together More Soundtrack Pro Resources 7What’s Next?Page An Introduction to the Soundtrack Pro Interface Working with Tabs Timeline Define project To display from Settings hereFile Editor Conform Multitake EditorMixer Set the Automation Mode pop-up menuToolbar BinTabs in the Left Pane Tabs in the Right Pane Arranging Tabs Using Preconfigured Interface LayoutsArranging the Soundtrack Pro Interface To put any Soundtrack Pro tab in its own floating window Customizing Your InterfaceSaving Your Own Custom Layouts To save an interface setup as a custom layoutTo access your new layout
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The Apple II is a defining product in the history of personal computing, first introduced in 1977 by Apple Computer, Inc. Designed by Steve Wozniak, the Apple II was one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products and played a significant role in bringing personal computers into homes and schools.

One of the Apple II's standout features was its color graphics capability. It was one of the first personal computers to provide color output, thanks to its built-in video interface. The initial model supported a resolution of 280x192 pixels with a palette of 6 colors, which allowed for vibrant visuals that set it apart from contemporaries like the monochrome Altair 8800.

The Apple II was notable for its open architecture. This design allowed users to expand the computer's capabilities easily through a series of expansion slots. Users could add floppy disk drives, additional memory, and various peripheral devices, making the system highly adaptable to individual needs. This encouraged a thriving ecosystem of third-party hardware and software, which contributed to its popularity.

Another significant feature was its use of the 6502 microprocessor. This 8-bit CPU was not only affordable but also powerful for its time, allowing the Apple II to run various applications efficiently. Along with a built-in keyboard and an innovative plastic case that housed its components, the design was user-friendly and appealing.

The Apple II also introduced the concept of “bootable software” through the use of floppy disks. The disk operating system (DOS) allowed users to store and run multiple programs without having to reload software manually, providing a level of convenience that had not been widely available before. Key software like VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet program, helped boost sales, showcasing the Apple II's utility in business and education environments.

The computer was also well-known for its early adoption of BASIC programming language. Apple provided an operating system that supported Applesoft BASIC, which enabled users, including students, to write their programs, further fostering a community of developers.

In summary, the Apple II's color graphics, open architecture, powerful 6502 processor, innovative use of floppy disks, and support for BASIC programming made it a revolutionary product in its time. Its legacy laid the groundwork for future personal computers and established Apple as a leader in the burgeoning tech industry. The Apple II remains an iconic symbol of the early personal computing era, reflecting a generation's transition into a digitally connected world.
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