Understanding Web Technology | Apple Mac OS X Server specification

Working with Web Technologies

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In this chapter you will find commands you can use to configure and manage web services and web components of your server.

Web technologies in Mac OS X Server consist of several components that provide a flexible and scalable server environment. This chapter covers the commands that are used to configure and manage these web technologies.

Understanding Web Technology

Apple’s web services are based primarily on Apache. Apache is one of the most popular and versatile web servers, and is a community-based, open-source project. Apple has extended Apache in a number of ways to implement Mac OS X–specific features.

Mac OS X Server includes two versions of the Apache HTTP Server:

ÂVersion 1.3—This is the officially supported version on Mac OS X Server. It is a well- tested, stable, and reliable software package that has been used worldwide for many years. In this chapter, references to the Apache server refer to this version.

ÂVersion 2.0—An evaluation version that includes several new features, including multithreading and an improved API for plug-in modules. However, the API changes make many third-party modules incompatible with this version.

The locations of Apache 1.3 files on Mac OS X Server are slightly different from the default Apache installation. The following table identifies the major folders.

Files	Location
Application binaries	/usr/sbin

CGI applications	/Library/WebServer/CGI-Executables

Configuration files	/etc/httpd/conf

Default documents	/Library/WebServer/Documents

Log files	/var/log/httpd

Loadable modules	/usr/libexec/httpd

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Apple Mac OS X Server manual Understanding Web Technology, Files Location

Contents

Mac OS X Server Apple Computer, Inc Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved Contents Preparing the Target Volume for a Clean Installation Installing Server SoftwareLocating Computers for Installation Specifying the Target Computer Volume Managing Network Port Configurations Setting Network PreferencesConfiguring Network Interfaces Viewing or Changing Media Settings Unmounting Volumes Working with Disks and VolumesMounting and Unmounting Volumes Mounting Volumes 141 Listing Connected Users 142 163 171 214 Apache Tomcat JBoss Server 215 MySQL Database Contents 265 Configuring the Active Directory Plug-In Appendix GlossaryIndex Contents About This Guide Understanding Notation Conventions Using This GuideCommands and Other Terminal Text Command Parameters and Options Commands Requiring Root Privileges Default Settings Earlier versions of the server Install Mac OS X Server and set it up for the first timeCreate and manage users, groups, and computer lists. Set up This guide Tells you how to Set up and manage QuickTime streaming services Manage directory and authentication services This guide Tells you how to Opening Terminal Executing Commands Folder Specifying Files and FoldersPath string Description Test.c file in the current folder Modifying Flow Control Redirecting Input and OutputRedirect Description Following command in a Terminal window Using Environment Variables Executing Commands and Running Tools Searching for Text Within a File Correcting Typing ErrorsRepeating Commands Including Paths Using Drag and Drop Terminating Commands An example of a configured crontab fileScheduling Tasks Sending Commands to a Remote Computer Viewing Command InformationTo access a man $ hdiutil help $ dig -h $ diff --help Executing Commands How SSH Works Understanding Secure Shell Password-Less Logins Using SSH Keys Updating SSH Key Fingerprints Controlling Access to SSH Service What is an SSH Man-in-the-Middle Attack? You’re prompted for the user’s password Connecting to a Remote ComputerUsing SSH To access a remote computer using ssh To access a remote computer using telnet Using TelnetTo enable Telnet access To disable Telnet access To use installer to install Mac OS X Server software Installing Server Software Locating Computers for Installation To list computers on the local network Specifying the Target Computer VolumePreparing the Target Volume for a Clean Installation To list volumes available for server software Automating Server Setup Installing from Multiple CDsRestarting After Installation To save a configuration file during server setup Creating a Configuration File Installing Server Software and Finishing Basic Setup To provide a passphrase interactively Working with an Encrypted Configuration FileCustomizing a Configuration File To provide a passphrase in a file Sample Configuration File Installing Server Software and Finishing Basic Setup Installing Server Software and Finishing Basic Setup Storing a Configuration File in an Accessible Location Configuring the Server Remotely from the Command Line Changing Server Settings Using the serversetup ToolUsing the serveradmin Tool To set the server software serial number Viewing, Validating, and Setting the Software Serial NumberGeneral and Network Preferences To display the server’s software serial number To validate a server software serial number To check for available updatesTo install an update Updating Server Software Moving a Server Installing Server Software and Finishing Basic Setup To restart a remote computer immediately Restarting a ComputerAutomatic Restart To restart the local computer Changing a Remote Computer’s Startup Disk Shutting Down a ComputerManipulating Open Firmware Nvram Variables Folder Usage Monitoring and Restarting Critical Services Restarting or Shutting Down a Computer To change the computer name Viewing or Changing the Computer NameViewing or Changing the Date and Time To display the computer name Viewing or Changing Network Time Server Usage Viewing or Changing the System DateViewing or Changing the System Time Viewing or Changing the System Time Zone Viewing or Changing the Energy Saver Settings Viewing or Changing Sleep SettingsViewing or Changing Automatic Restart Settings Viewing or Changing the Startup Disk Settings Changing the Power Management Settings Viewing or Changing Apple Event Response Viewing or Changing the Sharing SettingsViewing or Changing the International Settings Viewing or Changing Remote Login Settings Viewing and Changing the Login Settings Disables the buttons and 1 enables the buttonsTo view the current setting Configuring Network Interfaces Setting Network Preferences Managing Network Interface Information Viewing Port Names and Hardware AddressesViewing or Changing MTU Values Activating Port Configurations Managing Network Port ConfigurationsViewing or Changing Media Settings Creating or Deleting Port Configurations Managing TCP/IP Settings To change the order of the port configurationsChanging a Server’s IP Address To change a server’s IP address Run the changeip toolTo change the IP address of a standalone server To change TCP/IP settings for a particular port or device To list TCP/IP settings for a configurationTo view TCP/IP settings for port en0 To view TCP/IP settings for a particular port or device Viewing or Changing DNS Servers Enabling TCP/IP Working with VLANsIeee 802.3ad Ethernet Link Aggregation Configuring Ethernet Link Aggregation Configuring a Network Interface Managing Snmp Settings Managing AppleTalk Settings Immediately above it, add this line Installing SnmpOpen the /etc/hostconfig file Locate the line Starting Snmp To stop snmpd Configuring SnmpTo start the snmp agent manually To identify the process id Other options in the menu you were working in are Collecting Snmp Information from the HostTo view the snmp.conf file To start snmpd, execute this as root Viewing or Changing FTP Proxy Settings Managing Proxy Settings Viewing or Changing Gopher Proxy Settings Viewing or Changing Web Proxy SettingsViewing or Changing Secure Web Proxy Settings Viewing or Changing Streaming Proxy Settings Managing AirPort Settings Viewing or Changing Socks Firewall Proxy SettingsViewing or Changing Proxy Bypass Domains Managing the Computer, Host, and Bonjour Names Computer NameHostname To display the server’s Bonjour name Managing Preference Files and the Configuration DaemonCommand displays 0 if the name was changed Bonjour Name Changing Network Locations To set the hostname of a systemTo get the hostname of a system This example, the network location will switch to AirPort To view the current locationsComputer will respond with output similar to the following Understanding Disks, Partitions, and the File System Mounting and Unmounting Volumes To view a list of currently mounted file systems Mounting VolumesUnmounting Volumes To unmount a volume To display disk information To enable diskspacemonitorDisplaying Disk Information Monitoring Disk Space Reclaiming Disk Space Using Log-Rolling Scripts Erasing, Modifying, Verifying, and Repairing Disks To get mount info about a partition To mount a driveTo erase and repartition a disk Partitioning a Disk To format a Mac OS Extended volume as case-sensitive HFS+Command Description Partitioning and Formatting Disks To fomat a disk Checking for Disk ProblemsLabeling a Disk Formatting a Disk To enable journaling Checking to See If Journaling is EnabledEnabling Journaling for an Existing Volume To see if journaling is enabled Enabling and Disabling Spotlight Enabling Journaling When You Erase a DiskUnderstanding Spotlight Technology Disabling Journaling To view the metadata of a file To enable Spotlight on your serverPerforming Spotlight Searches Restart your server Controlling Spotlight Indexing Managing RAID Volumes Imaging and Cloning Volumes Using ASR To image a boot volumeTo repair a failed mirror To restore a volume from an image Understanding Accounts Working with Users and Groups To create an local administrator user with a specific UID Administering and Creating AccountsCreating a Local Administrator User Account for a Server To create a local administrator user account To create a domain administrator user account Creating a Domain Administrator User Account To see if a user is a server administrator Checking a User’s Administrator PrivilegesCreating a Nonadministrator User Account To find the Guid of the administrator user Specify the user ID, replacing 1234 with the new user’s ID 102 Review the Guid for a particular user Retreiving a User’s GuidRemoving a User Account To retrieve a user’s Guid Revoking a User’s Right to Access His or Her Account Disable the user account by entering the following commandTo prevent a user from logging To terminate all of a user’s processes To reenable a user account that is disabled Checking a Server User’s Name, UID, or Password Modifying a User Account To change a user account attribute to a new valueAttribute Description To create a mobile account Creating a Mobile User Account To create a home folder for a particular user Managing Home FoldersTo flush the cache Creating a User’s Home Folder To mount a user’s shared home directory on an AFP server Administering Group AccountsTo create a home folder for users in the local domain Mounting a User’s Home Folder To add a group account Creating a Group Account You can remove group accounts by using the dscl tool Removing a Group AccountTo remove a group account You can add users to a group using the dscl tool Adding a User to a GroupTo add a user to a group You can remove users from a group by using the dscl tool Removing a User from a GroupTo remove a user from a group Review the new settings of the group Creating and Deleting Nested Group To create a nested groupTo verify a nested group To delete a group Editing Group RecordsTo unnest a group To display the information about a particular group See the CreateGroupFolder man page for more information Viewing the Workgroup a User Selects at LoginCreating a Group Folder To create a group folder To import users and groups Importing Users and Groups Creating a Character-Delimited User Import File Writing a Record DescriptionNumber of attributes in each account record 121 Using the StandardUserRecord Shorthand Using the StandardGroupRecord ShorthandAn example user account looks like this Setting Permissions Some examples of permission settingsViewing Permissions Use one of the following values to set the permission level Setting the umask for Individual Users Changing Permissions Use the chmod tool to change permissions for an itemSee the chmod man page for more information Securing Initial System Accounts Securing System AccountsChanging the Owner Changing the Group Restricting Use of the sudo Tool To disable root loginEnter the root password when prompted Securing the Root Account Securing Single-User Boot Setting Password Policy To set the Open Firmware password for increased securityComputer should restart and display the login window To set a more secure global password policy To change a user’s passwordTo view the global password policy To set the minimum password length to 5 characters To query for a user by name Access the help prompt and enter the command nameFinding User Account Information See the pwpolicy man page for more information 132 Managing Share Points Working with File Services To create a share point Listing Share PointsCreating a Share Point To list existing share points Modifying a Share Point To change share point settings Viewing AFP Settings Managing the AFP ServiceStarting and Stopping AFP Service Checking AFP Service Status To change several settings Changing AFP SettingsList of AFP Settings To change a setting Location of the error log Allow an administrator user to masquerade as another userAuthentication mode. Can be Whether the AFP service should restart automatically when Default = -1unlimited Record user logins in the activity logLogin greeting message Last time the login greeting was set or updated List of AFP serveradmin Commands Listing Connected Users To list connected usersValue returned by getConnectedUsers To disconnect users Disconnecting AFP UsersSending a Message to AFP Users To send a message Value Description Canceling a User DisconnectTo cancel a user disconnect Computer will repond with the following output Listing AFP Service Statistics To list service statistic samplesComputer will respond with the following output Value displayed by Viewing AFP Log FilesTo view the latest entries in a log To display the log paths Viewing NFS Service Settings Managing the NFS ServiceStarting and Stopping NFS Service Checking NFS Service Status Checking FTP Service Status Managing the FTP ServiceStarting FTP Service Stopping FTP Service Changing FTP Service Settings List of FTP Service SettingsParameter ftp Description Own preferences Directory in which the FTP content is storedDisplays a banner message that appears when Prompted to log in to the FTP. Customize to your List of FTP serveradmin Commands Viewing the FTP Transfer LogChecking for Connected FTP Users Viewing SMB/CIFS Service Settings Managing the SMB/CIFS ServiceStarting and Stopping SMB/CIFS Service Checking SMB/CIFS Service Status Changing SMB/CIFS Service Settings List of SMB/CIFS Service SettingsParameter smb Description Medium service start and stop, authentication failures Browser service. Can be set toAdvanced pane of Windows service settings in the Server Low errors and warnings only This corresponds to the Wins Registration Off and Enable Server’s NetBIOS name. Can be set to a maximumPane of the Windows service settings in the Server Admin Windows service settings in the Server Admin Listing SMB/CIFS Users List of SMB/CIFS serveradmin Commands Computer responds with the following output Disconnecting SMB/CIFS UsersListing SMB/CIFS Service Statistics To list SMB/CIFS connections Managing ACLs Viewing SMB/CIFS Service LogsLocation of the SMB service log Location of the name service log To deny a guest read permission for a file Using chmod to Modify ACLsFollowing are the permissions applicable to folders To grant a user write permission for a file Output should look like the following To view the ACL of a file 160 Understanding the Print Process Working with the Print Service To stop print service Performing Print Service TasksStarting and Stopping Print Service To start print service Checking the Status of Print Service Viewing Print Service SettingsChanging Print Service Settings Parameter print Description Print Service Settings Parameter printDescription Queue Data Array Managing the Print Service Command printcommand= DescriptionFollowing is an example of a queue array parameter block To pause a queue Pausing a QueueListing Queues Listing Jobs and Job Information Holding a Job To hold a jobTo release the job Viewing Print Service Log Files Viewing Cover PagesTo obtain a list of available cover pages 170 To stop NetBoot service Understanding the NetBoot ServiceStarting and Stopping NetBoot Service To start NetBoot service Checking NetBoot Service Status Viewing NetBoot SettingsChanging NetBoot Settings Storage Record Array Changing General Netboot Service SettingsVolume parameter array Parameter netboot Description Image Record Array Filters Record Array Enabling NetBoot 1.0 for Older NetBoot Clients To enable NetBootPort Record Array Updating an Image Booting from an ImageUsing hdiutil to Work with System Images Working with System Images Imaging Multiple Clients Using Multicast asr Using asr to Restore System Images To configure a client to receive a multicast stream Choosing a Boot Device Using systemsetup Postfix Agent Understanding the Mail Service Mailman Cyrus Viewing Mail Service Settings Managing the Mail ServiceStarting and Stopping Mail Service Checking the Status of Mail Service Parameter mail Description Mail Service Settings Default = += Default = 500sDefault = 1s Default = domain Default = -=+ Default = 0sDefault = postfix Default = 1000s Default = postdrop Default = flockDefault = flush Default = 60s Default = none Default = 10sDefault = /usr/bin Default = mail Default = fcntl Default = smtpDefault = 7d Default = qmgr Default = host Default = errorDefault = showq Default = 5d Default = bounce Default = incomingDefault = active Default = deferred Default = 600s Default = virtualDefault = $home Default = rewrite Default = c Default = 30sDefault = hash Default = Default Default = auxprop Default = cyrus 193 Mail serveradmin Commands Listing Mail Service StatisticsTo list samples Location of the server log Viewing the Mail Service LogsDefault = srvr.log To display the log locations Backing Up the Mail Files Reconstructing the Mail Database Setting Up SSL for Mail Service Generating a CSR and Creating a KeychainEnter a key size at the next prompt, and then press Return 199 To import an SSL certificate into the keychain Accessing the Server CertificatesObtaining an SSL Certificate Importing an SSL Certificate into the Keychain To list the certificates stored in the System keychain Creating a Password FileSee the certadmin man page for more information To create a password file Enabling Sieve Scripting Configuring Mailboxes Sample Sieve Scripts To enable Sieve supportReload the mail service Enabling Sieve Support Basic Sort and Anti-Junk Mail Filter Script Self-Defined Forwarding Script Sieve Scripting Resources 206 Files Location Understanding Web Technology Viewing Web Settings Managing the Web ServiceStarting and Stopping Web Service Checking Web Service Status Changing Web Settings Serveradmin and Apache SettingsChanging Settings Using serveradmin Listing Hosted Sites Web serveradmin CommandsViewing Service Logs Viewing Service Statistics V3-Cache requests per second Value you want to display. Valid valuesV1-Number of requests per second V2-Throughput bytes/sec Example Script for Adding a Website Addsite FileAddsite.in File To run the script Tuning the Server Performance To start Apache Tomcat Working with Application Servers and JavaApache Tomcat JBoss Server To stop JBoss, enter the following To install the default databaseMySQL Database To start JBoss, enter the following To start mysqld To set the root passwordTo create a database To set the network option Managing Network Services Working with Network Services Viewing Dhcp Service Settings Managing the Dhcp ServiceStarting and Stopping Dhcp Service Checking the Status of Dhcp Service To change a single Dhcp setting Changing Dhcp Service SettingsDhcp Service Settings To see a list of available service settings Dhcp Subnet Settings Array About Subnet IDsSubnet Parameter Lease time in seconds General pane of the subnet settings in the ServerNot set default Wins pane of the subnet settings in the Server Domain name such as apple.com Corresponds to the NetBIOS Scope ID field in the WinsAdding a Dhcp Subnet To add a subnet Adding a Dhcp Static Map To add a static mapAbout Static Map IDs Determine the location of the Dhcp service logs List of Dhcp serveradmin CommandsViewing the Dhcp Service Log Command Dhcpcommand=Description Viewing DNS Service Settings Managing the DNS ServiceStarting and Stopping the DNS Service Checking the Status of DNS Service Viewing the DNS Service Log Changing DNS Service SettingsDNS Service Settings List of DNS serveradmin Commands Managing the Firewall Service Configuring IP Forwarding Firewall Startup Starting and Stopping Firewall ServiceChecking the Status of Firewall Service Viewing Firewall Service Settings Changing Firewall Service Settings Firewall Service SettingsParameter ipfilter Description Defining Firewall Rules Ipfilter Groups with Rules ArrayAdding Rules by Modifying ipfw.conf Unmodified ipfw.conf file An example of this would be similar to the following Adding Rules Using serveradminPing cracker.evil.org to determine its IP address To add a rule Ipfilter Rules Array Firewall serveradmin Commands Location of the ipfilter service log Managing the NAT ServiceViewing Firewall Service Log Using Firewall Service to Simulate Network Activity Changing NAT Service Settings Starting and Stopping NAT ServiceChecking the Status of NAT Service Viewing NAT Service Settings NAT Service Settings NAT serveradmin CommandsParameter nat Description Port Mapping Viewing the NAT Service Log Viewing VPN Service Settings Managing the VPN ServiceStarting and Stopping VPN Service Checking the Status of VPN Service Default = IPSec Changing VPN Service SettingsList of VPN Service Settings Default = Keychain Default = Dsacl Default = ManualDefault = L2TP Default = PPP Default = Pptp Default = MppeDefault = EAP-RSA Restarted. See Using the serveradmin Tool on List of VPN serveradmin CommandsViewing the VPN Service Log VPN Service Log on this Configuring Site-to-Site VPN Location of the VPN service logSite-to-Site VPN Adding a VPN Keyagent User Hardware Requirements Setting Up IP FailoverIP Failover Prerequisites IP Failover Operation Enabling IP Failover To enable IP failover Configuring IP Failover Notification OnlyPre and Post Scripts Restoring the Default Configuration for Server Services To restore the NAT service to its default configurationEnabling PPP Dial-In To restore the DNS service to its default configuration To restore the Dhcp service to its default configurationRe-create the two default records To restore the Qtss service to its default configuration To restore the VPN service to its default configuration Using General Directory Tools Testing Your Open Directory ConfigurationUnderstanding Open Directory Registering URLs with SLP Testing Open Directory Plug-insChanging Open Directory Service Settings Modifying a Directory Domain Managing OpenLDAP Configuring LdapPasswordOptionsString LDAPTimeoutUnits Default = minutes LDAPServerBackend Configuring slapd and slurpd Daemons Standard Distribution ToolsTool Used to Searching the Ldap Server Delay RebindIdle Timeout Idle Rebinding Options 256 257 Using Ldif Files Configuring NetInfo Managing NetInfoAdditional Information About Ldap Enabling or Disabling Authentication Methods Managing Open Directory PasswordsOpen Directory Password Server Viewing or Changing Password Policies To load KDC data from a dumped file Kerberos and Apple Single Sign-OnBacking Up the Kerberos Database To dump the KDC’s database To delete a principal To add a service principalPrincipal Management To add a principal To kerberize a service from a terminal running on that host Using Directory Service ToolsOperating on Directory Service Directory Domains Using kadmin to kerberize a service Manipulating a Single Named Group Record Finding Network Information To remove an Ldap server Adding or Removing Ldap Server ConfigurationsConfiguring the Active Directory Plug-In To add an Ldap server 266 Understanding QuickTime Streaming Server Performing Qtss Service Tasks Changing Qtss Settings Starting and Stopping the Qtss ServiceChecking Qtss Service Status Viewing Qtss Settings Look in the sample file for Qtss SettingsDescriptions of Settings Default = qtaccess Default = admin Default = digest Logs on Default = qtssManaging Qtss Listing Current Connections Viewing Qtss Service Statistics For connections v1, this is integer average numberConnections List the Qtss processes Send a HUP signal to this processForcing Qtss to Reread its Preferences To force Qtss to reread its preferences To reset the user name and password Configuring Streaming SecurityResetting the Streaming Server Admin User Name and Password To set up Sites/Streaming/ in older home folders Creating an Access File Controlling Access to Streamed Media Qtusers Between terms, make sure you enclose the entire messageQuotation marks Path and filename of the user file Making Changes to the User or Group File Accessing Protected MediaAdding User Accounts and Passwords Adding or Deleting Groups Create XML text ref movie with extension .qtl Manipulating QuickTime and MP4 MoviesCreating Reference Movies Create QuickTime Atom ref movie with extension .qtl 280 Configuring Your System Logging Configuring the Log File Local Logging Remote Logging Configuring Remote Logging on a Client ComputerTo enable remote logging on a client computer Configuring Remote Logging on a Server Open /etc/rc and locate the following line Or match a single host like this PCI RAID Card Command Reference 286 287 288 Computer account See computer list Glossary Directory node See directory domain Full name See long name 292 293 294 Relay point See open relay Search path See search policy 297 298 Restoring images Logs Lpr Backup Cyrus Mail files AccessSecuring Chgrp tool ACL access control list 136 Example Stopping service Naming 41 Disk journaling Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. See DhcpError messages command not found Executing commands Image Booting from 176 updating Backing up Principal management 262 tools and utilities Kerberosautoconfig tool 261 keychain QuickTime Streaming Server. See Qtss 302 AFP DNS Used by ldapsearch 255 scheduling tasks Tools for remote configuration 239 Terminating commandsTime, viewing or changing 57 Stopping service Viewing service logs