AT-30i
| |
| Scientific Calculator |
| with advance |
| statistical functions |
Owner's Manual | Please read before using. |
Safety Precautions
Be sure to read the following safety precautions before using this calculator. Keep this manual handy for later reference.
Batteries
•After removing the batteries from the calculator, put them in a safe place where there is no danger of them getting into the hands of small children and accidently swallowed.
•Keep batteries out of the reach of children. If accidentally swallowed, consult with a physician immediately.
•Never charge batteries, try to take batteries apart, or allow batteries to become shorted. Never expose batteries to direct heat or dispose of them by incineration.
•Misuse of batteries can cause them to leak acid that can cause damage to nearby items and creates the possibility of fire and personal injury.
•Always make sure that a battery's positive (+) and negative
•Remove the batteries if you do not plan to use the calculator for a long time.
•Use only the type of batteries specified for this calculator in this manual.
•Do not mix old and new batteries. Do not mix alkaline, standard
•Battery Contains Mercury. Do Not Put in Trash. Recycle or Manage as Hazardous Waste.
Disposing of the Calculator
•Never dispose of the calculator by burning it. Doing so can cause certain components to suddenly burst, creating the danger of fire and personal injury.
•The displays and illustrations (such as key markings) shown in this Owner's Manual are for illustrative purposes only, and may differ somewhat from the actual items they represent.
•The contents of this manual are subject to change without notice.
– 1 –
Handling Precautions
• Be sure to press the "ON/AC" key before using the |
calculator for the first time. |
• Even if the calculator is operating normally, replace the |
battery at least once every three years. Dead battery can |
leak, causing damage to and malfunction of the |
calculator. Never leave the dead battery in the calculator. |
• The battery that comes with this unit discharges slightly |
during shipment and storage. Because ofthis, it may |
require replacement sooner than the normal expected |
battery life. |
• Low battery power can cause memory contents to |
become corrupted or lost completely. Always keep |
written records of all important data. |
• Avoid use and storage in areas subjected to temperature |
extremes. Very low temperatures can cause slow display |
Before Starting Calculations
Operation Modes
When using this calculator, it is necessary to select the proper mode to meet your requirements. This can be done by pressing [MODE] to scroll through
Press [MODE] once to read the first page of the main menu.
Press [MODE] again.
Deg Rad Gra 1 2 3
Press [MODE] further.
Fix Sci Norm 1 2 3
Press "MODE" once more to leave the menu.
_
0.
Calculation Modes
"COMP" mode : - general calculations, including function calculations can be executed.
"SD" mode:- standard deviation calculation can be executed. "SD" symbol appears in display.
"REG" mode:- regression calculations can be performed. "REG" symbol appears in display.
Angular Measurement Modes
"DEG" mode:- specify measurement in "degrees". "D" symbol appears in display window.
"RAD" mode:- specify measurement in "radians". "R" symbol appears in display window.
"GRA" mode:- specify measurement in "grads". "G" symbol appears in display window.
Display Modes
"FIX" mode:- specify number of decimal places. "Fix" symbol appears in display window.
"SCI" mode:- specify number of significant digits. "Sci" symbol appears in display window.
– 4 –
"NORM" mode:- cancels "Fix" and "Sci" specifications.
Note:-
•Mode indicators appear in the lower part of the display.
•The "COMP", "SD", and "REG" modes can be used in combination with the angle unit modes.
•Be sure to check the current calculation mode (COMP, SD, REG) and angle unit mode (DEG, RAD, GRA) before beginning a calculation.
Calculation Priority Sequence
Calculations are performed in the following order of precedence:-
1.Coordinate transformation: Pol(x, y),Rec(r, )
2.Type A functions :-
These functions are those in which the value is entered
and than the function key is pressed, such as x2,
3.Powers and roots, xy, x√
4.Fractions, ab/c
5.Abbreviated multiplication format in front of π, memory name or variable name, such as 2π, 5A, πA, etc.
6.Type B functions :-
These functions are those in which the function key is
pressed and then the value is entered such as √, 3√, log, ln, ex, 10x, sin, cos, tan,
7.Abbreviated multiplication format in front of Type B functions, such as, 2√3, A log2, etc.
8.Permutation, combination, nPr, nCr
9.,
10.,
•When functions with the same priority are used in series, execution is performed from right to left for :- exln√120
➞ex{ln(√120)}. Otherwise, execution is from left to right.
•Operations enclosed in parentheses are performed first.
Stacks
This calculator uses memory areas, called "stacks", to temporarily store values (numeric stack) and commands (command stack) according to their precedence during calculations. The numeric stack has 10 levels and the command stack has 24 levels. A stack error (stk ERROR) occurs whenever you try to perform a calculation that is so complex that the capacity of a stack is exceeded.
– 5 –
Error Loacator
Pressing [3] or [4] after an error occurs display the calculation with the cursor positioned at the location where the error occured.
Overflow and Errors
The calculator is locked up while an error message is on the display. Press [ON/AC] to clear the error, or press [3] or [4] to display the calculation and correct the problem.
"Ma ERROR" caused by:-
• Calculation result is outside the allowable calculation |
range. |
• Attempt to perform a function calculation using a value |
that exceeds the allowable input range. |
• Attempt to perform an illegal operation (division by zero, |
If after making corrections, input of the formula is complete, the answer can be obtained by pressing [ = ]. If, however, more is to be added to the formula, advance the cursor using the [4] key to the end of the formula for input.
If an unnecessary character has been included in a formula, use the [3] and [4] keys to move to the position of the error and press the "DEL" key. Each press of "DEL" will delete one command ( one step ).
Example: To correct an input of 369 2 to 369 2 :-
369[][]2 | 369xx2_ | 0. |
| D | |
[3][3][DEL] | 369x2 | 0. |
| D |
If a character has been omitted from a formula, use the [3] and [4] key to move to the position where the character should have been input, and press [SHIFT] followed by [INS] key. Each press of [SHIFT] [INS] will create a space for input of one command.
Example: To correct an input of 2.362 to sin 2.362 :-
2[•]36[x2] | 2.362 | _ | 0. |
|
| D | |
[3][3][3][3][3] | 2.362 |
| 0. |
|
| D | |
[SHIFT][INS] | .362 |
| 0. |
|
| D | |
[sin] | sin | .362 | 0. |
|
| D |
When [SHIFT] [INS] are pressed, the space that is opened is displayed as " ". The function or value assigned to the next key you press will be inserted in the . To exit from the insertion mode, move the cursors, or press [SHIFT] [INS] , or press [=].
Even after the [=] key has been pressed to calculate a result, it is possible to use this procedure for correction. Press the [3] key to move the cursor to the place where the correction is to be made.
– 8 –
Arithmetic Operations & Parenthesis Calculations
•Arithmetic operations are performed by pressing the keys in the same order as noted in the formula.
•For negative values, press
•For mixed basic arithmetic operations, multiplication and division are given priority over addition and subtraction
•Assuming that display mode "Norm 1" is selected.
|
| Display |
Example | Operation | (Lower) |
23 + 4.5 | 23 [] 4.5 [] 53 [=] | |
268.8 | ||
12369753274103= | 12369[] 7532 [] |
|
6.9036806131012 | 74103[=] | 6.90368061312 |
4.5[EXP]75 [] |
| |
[EXP] | ||
(2+3)102=500 | [( ] 2 [] 3[ )][] |
|
| 10[x2] [=] | 500. |
(1105)7= | 1[EXP]5 [] 7 [=] |
|
14285.71429 |
| 14285.71429 |
(1105)714285= | 1[EXP]5[]7 [] |
|
0.7142857 | 14285 [=] | 0.7142857 |
please note that internal calculation is calculated |
| |
in 12 digits for a mantissa and the result is |
| |
displayed and rounded off to 10 digits. |
| |
3 + 5 6 = 33 | 3 [] 5 [] 6 [=] | 33. |
7 8 4 5 = 36 | 7 [] 8 [] 4 [] 5 [=] | 36. |
1 2 3 4 5 6 | 1 [] 2 [] 3 [] 4 [] |
|
= 6.6 | 5 [] 6 [=] | 6.6 |
100 (23) 4 = 80 | 100 [][( ] 2 [] 3[ )] |
|
| [] 4 [=] | 80. |
2 3 ( 4 5 ) = 29 | 2 [] 3 [] [(] 4 [] 5 [=] | 29. |
| Closed parentheses |
|
| occurring immediately |
|
| before operation of the |
|
| [=] key may be omitted. |
|
( 7 2 ) ( 8 5 ) = 65 | [( ] 7 [] 2 [ )][( ] 8 [] 5 [=] | 65. |
| A multiplication sign [] |
|
| occurring immediately |
|
| before an open parantheses |
|
| can be omitted. |
|
10 { 2 7 ( 3 6 )} | 10 [][( ] 2 [] 7 [( ] 3 [] | |
= | 6 [=] |
|
– 9 –
Percentage Calculations
Use the "COMP" mode for percentage calculations.
|
| Display |
Example | Operation | (Lower) |
Percentage |
|
|
26% of $15.00 | 15 []26 [SHIFT] [%] | 3.9 |
Ratio |
|
|
75 is what % of 250? | 75[]250 [SHIFT] [%] | 30. |
Specifying the Format of Calculation Results
You can change the precision of calculation results by specifying the number of decimal places or the number of significant digits. You can also shift the decimal place of a displayed value three places to the left or right for
|
| Display |
Example | Operation | (Lower) |
The stored | [] | Ans |
result (28.571421857) is |
| (upper display) |
used when you continue |
|
|
the calculation by simply |
|
|
pressing [] or any other |
|
|
arithmetic function key. |
|
|
| 14 [=] | 400.000 |
| (The final result is |
|
| automatically rounded to |
|
| the specified three |
|
| decimal places.) |
|
Cancel specification by | [MODE][MODE][MODE][3][1] | 400. |
specifying "Norm" again. |
|
|
Rounding the Intermediate Result
As the number of decimal places is specified, the intermediate result will be automatically rounded to the
specified decimal places. However, the stored intermediate result is not rounded. In order to match the displayed value and the stored value, [SHIFT] [Rnd] can be input.
You can compare the final result obtained in the previous example with the final result of the following example.
|
| Display |
Example | Operation | (Lower) |
200714 = 400 | 200[]7 [] 14[=] | 400. |
rounded to 3 decimal | [MODE][MODE][MODE][1][3] | 400.000 |
places |
|
|
| 200[]7 [=] | 28.571 |
| The intermediate result is |
|
| automatically rounded |
|
| to the specified three |
|
| decimal places. |
|
round the stored | [SHIFT] [Rnd] | 28.571 |
intermediate result to |
|
|
the specified three |
|
|
decimal places |
|
|
| [] | Ans |
|
| (upper display) |
| 14 [=] | 399.994 |
Cancel specification by | [MODE][MODE][MODE][3][1] | 399.994 |
specifying "Norm" again. |
|
|
|
|
|
| – 12 – |
|
Specifying the Number of Significant Digits
This specification is used to automatically round intermediate results and final results to the number of digits you have specified.
As with the number of decimal places, displayed results are rounded to the specified number of digits, but stored results are normally not rounded.
To specify the number of significant digits (Sci.), select [SCI] in the
Sci 0~9?
Note : "0" indicating 10 significant digits.
Meanwhile, the "Sci" indicator will appear on the display.
|
| Display |
Example | Operation | (Lower) |
1006 = 16.66666666 | 100[]6 [=] | 16.66666667 |
specify 5 significant | [Mode][Mode][Mode][2][5] | 1.666701 |
digits |
|
|
Cancel specification by | [Mode][Mode][Mode][3][1] | 16.66666667 |
specifying "Norm" again. |
|
|
Shifting the Decimal Place
You can use the key [ENG] to shift the decimal point of the displayed value three places to the left or right. Each
|
|
| Display |
Example |
| Operation | (Lower) |
123m456 | = 56088m | 123[]456 [=] | 56088. |
| = 56.088km | [ENG] | 56.08803 |
78g0.96 | = 74.88g | 78[]0.96 [=] | 74.88 |
| = 0.07488kg | [SHIFT] [ENG] | 0.0748803 |
– 13 –
Memory
This calculator contains 9 standard memories. There are two basic types of memories, i.e., "variable" memories, which are accessed by using the [STO] and [RCL] keys in combination with the alphabets A, B, C, D, E, F, M, X and Y. The "independent" memory, which is accessed by using the [M+] , [Shift]
Contents of both the variable and independent memories are protected even when the power is turned OFF.
Variable memories
Up to 9 values can be retained in memory at the same time, and can be recalled when desired.
To clear memory contents, press [0] [STO] [M].
Addition/subtraction to or from sum in memory cannot be carried out with [M+], [SHIFT]
Difference between [STO][M] and [M+],
Example: Input 456 into memory "M" using [STO] [M] procedure. Memory already contains value of 123.
[ON/AC] [1] [2] [3] [STO] [M] | M= | 123. |
| M | |
| D | |
[ON/AC] [4] [5] [6] [STO] [M] | M= | 456. |
| M | |
|
| D |
[ON/AC] | _ | D 0. |
| M | |
[RCL] [M] | M= | 456. |
| M | |
|
| D |
Example: Input 456 into memory "M" using M+. Memory already contains value of 123.
[ON/AC] [1] [2] [3] [STO] [M] | M= | 123. |
| M | |
|
| D |
[ON/AC] [4] [5] [6] [M+] | 456 | 456. |
| M | |
|
| D |
[ON/AC] | _ | D 0. |
| M | |
[RCL] [M] | M= | 579. |
| M | |
|
| D |
– 16 –
Special Functions
Answer Function
This unit has an answer function that stores the result of the most recent calculation. Once a numeric value or numeric expression is entered and [=] is pressed, the result is stored by this function.
To recall the stored value, press the [Ans] [=] key. When [Ans] is pressed, "Ans" will appear on the display, and the value can be used in subsequent calculations.
Example: 123456 = 579 |
|
|
789579 = 210 |
|
|
[ON/AC][1][2][3][][4][5][6][=] | 123+456 | 579. |
| ||
|
| D |
[7][8][9][][Ans] |
| |
| ||
|
| D |
[=] |
|
|
| 210. | |
|
| D |
Numeric values with 12 digits for a mantissa and 2 digits for an exponent can be stored in the "Ans" memory. The "Ans" memory is not erased even if the power of the unit is turned OFF. Each time [=] , [Shift] [%] , [M+] , [Shift]
Note:- Contents of "Ans" memory are not altered when RCL ( = A~F, M, X, Y) is used to recall contents of variable memory. Also, contents of "Ans" memory are not altered when variables are input when the variable input prompt is displayed.
Omitting the multiplication sign ()
When inputting a formula as it is written, from left to right, it is possible to omit the multiplication sign () in the following cases :-
– 17 –
•Before the following functions :-
sin, cos, tan,
•Before fixed numbers, variales and memories :-
example: 2π, 2AB, 3Ans, etc.
•Before parentheses :-
example: 3(56), (A1)(B1), etc.
Continuous Calculation Function
Even if calculations are concluded with the [=] key, the result obtained can be used for further calculations. In this case, calculations are performed with 10 digits for the mantissa which is displayed.
response,total failure of the display, and shortening of | |
battery life.Also avoid leaving the calculator | in direct |
sunlight, neara window, near a heater or anywhere else it | |
might become exposed to very high temperatures. Heat | |
can cause discoloration or deformation | of the |
etc.). |
Action
•Check your input values and make sure they are all within the allowable ranges. Pay special attention to values in any memory areas you are using.
Upon power up reset, the display format is defaulted at "Norm1". Each time when you press "[MODE] [MODE] [MODE] [3]" you can choose either "Norm 1" or "Norm 2" by keying in [1] or [2] respectively.
Example: Input 123 into memory "A" :- [ON/AC] 123
D
[STO] [A]
0.
Example: To calculate 3.14 continuing after 34=12
[ON/AC] [3] [] [4] [=] | 3x4 | 12. |
| D |
calculator's case, anddamage to internal circuitry. |
• Avoid use and storage in areas subjected to large |
"Stk ERROR" caused by:-
Norm 1 :- all values less than
123.
D
(continuing) [] [3] [•] [1] [4] | Ans | ⎟ | 3.14_D | 12. |
|
|
amounts of humidity and dust. Take care never to leave |
the calculator where it might besplashed by water or |
exposed to large amounts of humidity or dust. Such |
elements can damage internal circuitry. |
•Capacity of the numeric stack or operator stack is exceeded.
Action
• Simplify the calculation. The numeric stack has 10 levels |
Norm 2 :- all values less than
Note: You cannot specify the display format (Fix, Sci) while the calculator is in
[ON/AC]
D
[RCL] [A]
0.
[=] | Ans⎟ 3.14 |
| 3.821656051 |
| D |
• Never drop the calculator or otherwise subject it to |
strong impact. |
• Never twist or bend the calculator. Avoid carrying the |
calculator in the pocket of your trousers or other |
twisting or bending. |
• Never try to take the calculator apart. |
• Never press the keys of the calculator with a |
pen or other pointed object. |
• Use a soft, dry cloth to clean the exterior of the unit. If the |
calculator becomes very dirty, wipe it off with acloth |
moistened in a weak solution of water and a mildneutral |
household detergent. Wring out all excess moisture |
before wiping the calculator. Never use thinner, benzine |
or other volatile agents to clean the calculator. Doing so |
can remove printed markings and damage the case. |
– 2 –
Two-lines Display
S A hyp M STO RCL SD REG |
|
|
|
|
| Fix Sci |
D | R | G |
You can simultaneously check the calculation formula and its answer. The first line displays the calculation formula. The second line displays the answer.
Keys Layout
SHIFT | ALPHA | REPLAY | MODE | OFF | |
|
|
|
| ||
x! | nPr | Rec( |
|
| x |
|
|
| |||
nCr | Pol( | 3 | x3 | xy | |
| d/c |
| x2 | 10x | ex |
ENG | ab/c |
| log | ln | |
A | B | C |
and the operator stack has 24 levels. |
• Divide your calculation into two or more separate parts. |
"Syn ERROR" caused by:-
•Attempt to perform an illegal mathematical operation.
Action
•Press to display the calculation with the cursor located at the location of the error. Make necessary corrections.
Number of Input/output Digits and Calculation Digits The memory area used for calculation input can hold 79 "steps". One function comprises one step. Each press of numeric or , , and keys comprise one step. Though such operations as [SHIFT] [x!]
– 6 –
Whenever you input the 73rd step of any calculation, the cursor changes from "_" to "■" to let you know memory is running low. If you still need to input more, you should divide you calculation into two or more parts.
When numeric values or calculation commands are input, they appear on the display from the left. Calculation results, however, are displayed from the right.
The allowable input/output range (number of digits) of this unit is 10 digits for a mantissa and 2 digits for the exponent. Calculations, however, are performed internally with a range of 12 digits for a mantissa and 2 digits for an exponent.
Example: 3 105 7 =
3[EXP]5[⎟]7[=]3E5⎟ 7 42857.14286
D
3[EXP]5[⎟]7[]42857[=] 3E5⎟ 7–42857 0.1428571
D
Corrections
To make corrections in a formula that is being input, use the [3] and [4] keys to move to the position of the error
and press the correct keys. |
Specifying the Number of Decimal Places
The calculator always performs calculations using a
It should be noted that displayed results are rounded to the specified number of decimal places, but stored results are normally not rounded.
To specify the number of decimal places ( Fix ), press "[MODE] [MODE] [MODE] [1]" and then a value indicating the number of decimal places (0~9).
Fix 0~9?
At this time, you should be able to see "Fix" on the display. The number of decimal places specified will remain in
– 10 –
effect until "Norm" (to select "Norm" press "[MODE] [MODE] [MODE] [3]") is specified or significant digits are specified using "[MODE] [MODE] [MODE] [2]".
[ON/AC] [MODE] | COMP | SD | REG |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
[MODE] | Deg | Rad | Gra |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
[MODE] | Fix | Sci | Norm |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
[1] | Fix | 0~9? |
|
[4] (to specify 4 decimal places) | _ | 0.0000 | |
|
| ||
|
|
| D Fix |
Reset to "Norm" |
|
|
|
[ON/AC] [MODE] | COMP | SD | REG |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
[MODE] | Deg | Rad | Gra |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
123.
D
When formulas are input, the result of the formula's calculation is retained in memory.
Example: Input the result of 123456 into memory "B" :-
[ON/AC] 123 [] 456 | 123X456_ | 0. |
| D | |
[STO] [B] | B= |
|
| 56088. | |
| D |
|
[ON/AC] | _ | 0. |
| D | |
[RCL] [B] | B= |
|
| 56088. | |
| D |
|
– 14 –
If a variable expression is entered, the expression is first calculated according to the values stored in the variable memories used in the expression. The result is then stored in the variable memory specified for the result.
Example: Input the results of AB into memory "C" :- [ON/AC] [ALPHA] [A] []
[ALPHA] [B] | D | 0. |
[STO] [C] | C= |
|
| 6898824. | |
| D |
|
[ON/AC] | _ | 0. |
| D |
[RCL] [C]
6898824.
D
Deleting memories
To delete all contents of variable memories, press [Shift] followed by [Mcl] [=].
Independent Memory
Addition and subtraction (to and from sum) results can be stored directly in memory. Results can also be totalized in memory, making it easy to calculate sums. The icon "M" will be lighted as long as M is not empty.
Example: To calculate 133 = |
|
|
|
[AC] [1] [] [3] [] [3] [=] | 1 | ⎟ 3x3 | 1. |
|
| D | |
[1] [] [3] [=] | 1 | ⎟ 30.333333333 | |
| |||
|
| D |
|
(continuing) [] [3] [=] | Ansx3 | 1. | |
|
| D |
– 18 –
This function can be used with Type A functions ( x2,
Example: Squaring the result of 786=13 [ON/AC] [7] [8] [] [6] [=]
D 13.
(continuing) [x2]
D 13.
[=]
169.
D
Replay Function
This function stores formulas that have been executed. After execution is complete, pressing either the [3] or [4] key will display the formula executed.
Pressing [4] will display the formula from the beginning, with the cursor located under the first character.
Pressing [3] will display the formula from the end, with the cursor located at the space following the last character. After this, using the [4] and [3] to move the cursor, the formula can be checked and numeric values or commands can be changed for subsequent execution.
Example: |
|
[ON/AC] [1] [2] [3] [] | 123x456 |
| º ,,, |
| sin |
| cos |
| tan |
| |
hyp | sin |
|
| cos |
| tan | |||
|
| r |
| X | ; | , | Y | M– | M |
STO | RCL | ( | ) |
|
|
| M+ | ||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| DT | CL |
Example: To change an input of 122 to 123 :- |
| |
[1] [2] [2] | 122_ | 0. |
| D | |
[3] | 122 |
|
[MODE] | Fix | Sci | Norm |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
[3] | Norm | 1~2? |
Example: Input 123 to independent memory.
[ON/AC] [1] [2] [3]
D
[M+]
0.
[4] [5] [6] [=] | 56088. |
| D |
[4] | 123x45656088. |
| |
| D |
A | B | C | INS | Mcl Scl |
0. |
[1] |
123.
[=] | 123x456 |
7 | 8 | 9 | DEL ON/AC |
y | yn |
| |
4 | 5 | 6 | ⎟ |
|
|
| D |
|
[3] | 123_ |
|
| 0. |
|
|
| D | |
Example: To change an input of cos60 to sin60 :- |
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Display |
Example | Operation | (Lower) |
1006 = 16.66666666 | 100 [] 6 [=] | 16.66666667 |
specify 4 decimal places | [MODE][MODE][MODE][1][4] | 16.6667 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Recall memory data
[ON/AC]
[RCL] [M]
D
D
0.
| 56088. |
| D |
[3] | 123x456_ |
| 56088. |
| D |
[cos] [6] [0] | cos 60 |
cancel specification | [MODE][MODE][MODE] |
123.
x | xn | x | y |
0. |
D |
[3] [1] | 16.66666667 |
Add 25, subtract 12
D
1 | 2 | 3 | + | – |
200714 = 400 | 200[]7 [] 14[=] | 400. |
25 [M+] 12 [SHIFT]
Rnd | Ran# | π | DRG | % |
[3] [3] [3] | cos 60 |
| 0. |
| D |
rounded to 3 decimal [MODE][MODE][MODE][1][3] | 400.000 |
places |
|
Recall memory data
D 12.
0 | • | EXP Ans | = |
[sin] | sin 60 |
| 0. |
| D |
200 [] 7[ =] | 28.571 |
The intermediate result is |
|
automatically rounded |
|
to the specified three |
|
[ON/AC]
D
[RCL] [M]
0.
decimal places. |
136.
D
– 3 – | – 7 – | – 11 – | – 15 – | – 19 – |