Behringer T1953 manual Design and functional principle of tubes, Diode

TUBE ULTRAGAIN T1953

With the introduction of semiconductor technologies in the field of audio amplification it soon became clear that the tube would have to give way to the transistor, as this device featured an enormously enhanced signal- to-noise ratio, less complex power supply and improved frequency response. Plus, semiconductor-based circuits can be realized much more easily—for less money. Two decades later, the introduction of binary signal processing meant the beginning of a new era of recording media that provided plenty of dynamic response and allowed for loss-free copying of audio signals. As digital media were enhanced, however, many people began to miss the warmth, power and liveliness they knew from analog recordings. This is why purists still today consider digital recordings as “sterile” in sound.

4.4 Design and functional principle of tubes

Tubes can be roughly classified according to the number of electrodes they use. There are tubes with two, three or five electrodes usually referred to as diodes, triodes or pentodes.

Fig. 4.4: Diode

The diode contains two electrodes in a vacuum glass bulb that have electrical connection to the outside. The vacuum allows for a free movement of electrons. When one of the electrodes is heated up (= thus becoming a cathode), it begins to emit electrons. When a positive dc voltage is applied to the other electrode (= anode), the negative electrons start to wander from the cathode to the anode. With reverse polarity between cathode and anode, a current flow is not possible because the unheated anode emits more or less no electrons. This design was used, for example, as a rectifier in the power supplies of amplifiers. The magnitude and velocity of the flow of electrons depend on the cathode’s temperature, the material it consists of, and the magnitude of the anode voltage. When the electrons hit the anode they produce heat that is dissipated by using large anode plates.

Fig. 4.5: Triode

The triode has an additional metal grid between anode and cathode. By applying a negative voltage, this grid can be used to control the internal resistance of the tube, and hence the anode current. When the grid bias voltage (voltage between cathode and grid) becomes negative, the current flowing to the anode is reduced because the negatively charged grid repels the arriving electrons. As a consequence, there are less electrons to reach the anode. When the bias voltage is raised towards zero, the flow of electrons accelerates. When it finally becomes zero or even positive, the grid current begins to flow which considerably reduces the current flowing to the anode and can possibly destroy the tube. Triodes are most commonly used in preamps, often in pairs arranged in one tube (twin triode).

16 4. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND