Power Base-1 & 460CSL Amplifier Service Manual

Theory

the positive half, and about .5V across the bias resistor in the negative half. Q18 conduction (and thus bias) is adjustable.

A diode string prevents excessive charge build up within the high conduction output devices when off. Flyback diodes shunt back-EMF pulses from reactive loads to the power supply to protect output devices from dangerous reverse voltage levels. An output terminating circuit blocks RF on output lines from entering the amplifier through its output connectors.

Low Side (LS)

The Low Side (LS) operates quite differently. The power supply bridge rectifier is not ground refer- enced, nor is the secondary of the main transformer. In other words, the high voltage power supply floats with respect to ground, but ±Vcc remain constant with respect to each other. This allows the power supply to deliver +Vcc and -Vcc from the same bridge rectifier and filter as a total difference in potential, regardless of their voltages with respect to ground. The LS uses inverted feedback from the HS output to control the ground reference for the rails (±Vcc). Both LS quad- rants are arranged in a three-deep Darlington and are biased AB+B in the same manner as the HS.

When the amplifier output swings positive, the audio is fed to an op-amp stage where it is inverted. This inverted signal is delivered directly to the bases of the positive (NPN) and negative (PNP) LS predrivers. The negative drive forces the LS PNP devices on (NPN off). As the PNP devices conduct, Vce of the PNP Darlington drops. With LS device emitters tied to ground, -Vcc is pulled toward ground reference. Since the power supply is not ground referenced (and the total voltage from +Vcc to -Vcc is constant) +Vcc is forced higher above ground potential. This contin- ues until, at the positive amplifier output peak, -Vcc = 0V and +Vcc equals the total power supply potential with a positive polarity. If, for example, the power supply produced a total of 70V from rail to rail (±35VDC measured from ground with no signal), the amplifier output would reach a positive peak of +70V.

Conversely, during a negative swing of the HS output where HS PNP devices conduct, the op-amp would output a positive voltage forcing LS NPN devices to conduct. This would result in +Vcc swinging toward ground potential and -Vcc further from ground poten- tial. At the negative amplifier output peak, +Vcc = 0V and -Vcc equals the total power supply potential with

a negative polarity. Using the same example as above, a 70V supply would allow a negative output peak of - 70V. In summary, a power supply which produces a total of 70VDC rail to rail (or ±35VDC statically) is capable of producing 140V peak-to-peak at the ampli- fier output when the grounded bridge topology is used. The voltage used in this example are relatively close to the voltages of the PB-1/460CSL.

The total effect is to deliver a peak to peak voltage to the speaker load which is twice the voltage produced by the power supply. Benefits include full utilization of the power supply (it conducts current during both halves of the output signal; conventional designs require two power supplies per channel, one positive and one negative), and never exposing any output device to more than half of the peak to peak output voltage (which does occur in conventional designs).

Low side bias is established by a diode string which also shunts built up charges on the output devices. Bias is adjustable via potentiometer. Flyback diodes perform the same function as the HS flybacks. The output of the LS is tied directly to chassis ground via ground strap.

OUTPUT DEVICE EMULATION PROTECTION (ODEP)

To further protect the output stages, a specially devel- oped ODEP circuit is used. It produces a complex analog output signal. This signal is proportional to the always changing safe-operating-area margin of the output transistors. The ODEP signal controls the Volt- age Translator stage by removing drive that may exceed the safe-operating-area of the output stage.

ODEP senses output current by measuring the volt- age dropped across LS emitter resistors. LS NPN current (negative amplifier output) and +Vcc are sensed, then multiplied to obtain a signal proportional to output power. Positive and negative ODEP voltages are adjustable via two potentiometers. Across ±ODEP are a PTC and a thermal sense (current source). The PTC is essentially a cutoff switch that causes hard ODEP limiting if heatsink temperature exceeds a safe maximum, regardless of signal level. The thermal sense causes the differential between +ODEP and – ODEP to decrease as heatsink temperature increases. An increase in positive output signal output into a load will result in –ODEP voltage dropping; an increase in negative output voltage and current will cause +ODEP voltage to drop. A complex RC network between the

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Crown 460CSL service manual Output Device Emulation Protection Odep, Low Side LS
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460CSL specifications

The Crown 460CSL is a powerful combination of innovation and performance that redefines efficiency in the material handling industry. Designed for heavy-duty tasks, this electric lift truck offers an impressive range of features that cater to the demands of modern warehouses and distribution centers.

One of the standout characteristics of the Crown 460CSL is its advanced ergonomic design, which prioritizes operator comfort and productivity. The spacious operator compartment is designed to minimize fatigue during extended use, featuring a low step-in height for easy access and a fully adjustable seat that provides optimal support. The intuitive controls are positioned for easy reach, allowing operators to maneuver the lift truck with ease and precision.

At the heart of the Crown 460CSL is its robust AC motor technology. This powerful motor provides rapid acceleration and smooth operation, reducing both energy consumption and maintenance needs. The regenerative braking system helps to extend battery life by converting braking energy back into stored energy, making the lift truck more efficient during operations. Operators benefit from enhanced traction and stability, ensuring dependable performance on various surfaces.

The Crown 460CSL boasts industry-leading lifting capabilities, with a maximum lifting capacity often exceeding competitors. Its precision-engineered mast allows for smooth and steady lifting of heavy loads, while its advanced hydraulic system provides reliable control over load placement. The lift’s extended height options enable operators to handle tasks at varying elevations, from ground level to tall shelving systems, with confidence.

Safety is a top priority for Crown, and the 460CSL incorporates several features designed to protect both operators and the loads being handled. The truck is equipped with a comprehensive suite of safety features, including an integrated stability system, load monitoring capabilities, and a visibility-enhancing overhead guard. These features work together to provide operators with greater awareness of their surroundings, reducing the risk of accidents.

In terms of technology, the Crown 460CSL integrates advanced diagnostics and connectivity features. This enables fleet managers to monitor performance, track usage patterns, and schedule maintenance with ease. Remote access to diagnostic information ensures that any potential issues can be identified and resolved promptly, further enhancing the truck's reliability and efficiency.

In conclusion, the Crown 460CSL stands out in the crowded lift truck market due to its combination of ergonomic design, powerful motor technology, impressive lifting capabilities, and enhanced safety features. This electric lift truck is an excellent choice for businesses seeking to improve productivity and reduce operational costs while maintaining a safe and comfortable working environment for their operators.
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