theatrical presentation and to keep all pertinent action within this area. The cinematographer must make certain no scene rigging, microphone booms, cables or lights are included in the expanded area which will be transmitted on television at 1.33:1. Subsequent interpositives, dupli- cate negatives and prints contain sufficient frame height to provide normal telecine transmission. In the theater, the projectionist must use a 1.85:1 aperture plate and exer- cise some judgment in adjusting the projector framing.

Super 16 is a format that employs single-perforation 16 mm film stock and has two objectives. When Super 16 was introduced in the early 1970’s, it was to provide an image suitable for enlargement to a 35 mm print for wide- screen presentation. The second is for origination that will be displayed on wide-screen television (1.78:1 = 16 x 9). Super 16 and 3-perforation 35 mm are great fits for wide- screen television. The Super 16 camera aperture extends into the area used for a sound track on conventional 16 mm film providing more negative area to achieve a 1.66:1 aspect ratio, with some loss of image height when enlarged to wide-screen 35 mm film (1.85:1) and to 1.78:1 (16 x 9) for wide-screen television.

The Super 35, 4-perforation system utilizes the entire width of the film and is used primarily to extract an anamorphic print for theatrical release by optical reduc- tion printing. This system is quite versatile: from a Super 35 negative, 70 mm blow-up prints can be produced, as well as extractions for 16 x 9 (1.78:1).

The Super 35, 3-perforation system is used for extracting 16 x 9 (1.78:1) prints and for origination for wide-screen television.

The 65 mm, 5-perforation system has a camera aper- ture of 2.29:1. It is used primarily for special effects, but when used in feature films, is projected on the screen using 70 mm release prints having an aspect ratio of 2.20:1. In lieu of originating on 65 mm for theatrical presentation, productions shot on 35 mm film with an anamorphic lens or in the Super 35 system are optically enlarged onto 70 mm release prints.

Other formats employing 65 mm negatives include 8-perforation (Iwerks 870), 10-perforation and the Imax 15-perforation (horizontal) format.

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ISBN 0-87985-749-8 specifications

Kodak, a name synonymous with photography, has undergone a tremendous evolution over its long history. The company is not just a pioneer in film and printing technologies but has also embraced the digital age with significant innovations.

One of the prominent features of Kodak’s evolution is its dedication to imaging science, which has remained at the core of its business strategy. Kodak has developed a wide range of film types, including color negative film, color positive film, and black-and-white film, which cater to different photography needs. Each film type comes with unique characteristics designed to optimize image quality, color reproduction, and contrast.

Kodak’s commitment to innovation is evident in its development of digital technologies. The company was an early adopter of digital imaging techniques, launching its first digital camera in the early 1990s. This transition to digital photography focused on making the process more accessible for consumers while maintaining the quality and detail that Kodak is known for. The use of image sensors, such as CCD and CMOS, has allowed Kodak to capture high-resolution images that are rich in detail and color fidelity.

One of the standout technologies associated with Kodak is its printing technology, particularly the dye-sublimation printers. This technique produces high-quality prints by transferring dye onto materials like paper or plastic. Kodak’s printers are known for their rapid print speeds and excellent color reproduction, making them popular for both personal and professional use.

Additionally, Kodak has also made significant strides in the realm of image editing software and applications, which complement its hardware offerings. Programs like Kodak EasyShare and Kodak Gallery have allowed users to edit, organize, and share their photos seamlessly, further enhancing the user experience.

Another important characteristic of Kodak is its steadfast commitment to sustainability. The company has initiated various programs aimed at reducing environmental impact by promoting recycling and energy-efficient practices in its manufacturing processes.

In summary, Kodak’s legacy is a blend of heritage and innovation. From traditional film to cutting-edge digital imaging and sustainable practices, Kodak continues to hold a prominent place in the world of photography. Its technologies and products are a testament to its ability to adapt to changing times while remaining grounded in its core values of quality and consumer accessibility.
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