KeyStudio 49i User Guide

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MIDI Messages In-Depth

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Program & Bank Changes

When the MIDI standard was first established, it enabled the user to access only 128 different sounds using program change messages (0-127). As MIDI devices grew to be more sophisticated and contain more sounds, bank change messages were included in an updated MIDI specification to allow for more than 128 sounds to be accessed.

The language MIDI uses to communicate between musical instruments only allows for program change commands 0-127, for a total of 128 possible programs (127 programs + program “0” = 128 programs total). Because of inherent limitations of the MIDI communication protocol, the number of directly accessible programs (using program change messages) cannot easily be expanded beyond 128. Thus, a system of banks, with 128 sounds in each, has been created that enables manufacturers to overcome the 128-sound MIDI limit.

128 banks with 128 sounds in each bank is the basic principle used to expand the number of accessible sounds. However, to avoid reaching the new limit of the resulting 16,384 possible sounds (128 banks

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x 128 programs) accessible using a bank change combined with a program change, another layer of banks was added. The result is a system of 128 banks that can contain 128 sub-banks in each

of them, which, in turn, can contain 128 sounds (programs) within them.

Bank change messages are useful when calling up sounds from a large library that may exist in a particular sound module or software synthesizer. For example, devices that are built according to Roland’s GS specification or Yamaha’s XG specification require you to specify a bank change in order to access the extra voices that these devices provide.

MIDI CC 0 is the bank select MSB (Most Significant Byte) message. This MIDI message is 7-bit in size and can be used to select any of 128 banks. This message can be used in conjunction with MIDI CC 32 which is bank select LSB (Least Significant Byte): a separate 7-bit message allowing additional selection of any of another 128 sub-banks. The combination of Bank MSB and LSB messages gives a 14-bit message that can select any of a possible 16,384 banks. Each bank can in turn contain 128 possible sounds selected via a separate program change MIDI message. This enables a user to theoretically recall over two million programs directly,

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using only MIDI commands. However, most devices only use a few different banks, and you can often ignore the LSB message.

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M-Audio 49i manual Midi Messages In-Depth, Program & Bank Changes, ANK ANK ,3
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49i specifications

The M-Audio 49i is an impressive MIDI keyboard controller designed to cater to musicians, producers, and composers who seek enhanced control over their virtual instruments and music production software. This versatile device offers a range of features that make it a valuable addition to any studio setup.

One of the standout features of the M-Audio 49i is its 49 full-size, velocity-sensitive keys. This provides a realistic playing experience, allowing for expressive performances across various musical genres. The keys are designed to offer a responsive touch, making it easy to play everything from delicate piano melodies to powerful synth riffs.

In terms of connectivity, the M-Audio 49i is equipped with USB connectivity, ensuring effortless integration with computers and music production software. The plug-and-play functionality allows users to get started quickly without the need for complicated setup procedures. Additionally, the device features MIDI Out, which means it can also connect to external MIDI gear, making it a formidable tool for live performances and studio recording.

The keyboard comes with an array of assignable controls, including knobs, sliders, and buttons. This customization capability allows users to control parameters in their software with precision. The knobs are ideal for tweaking synth parameters, mixing levels, or adjusting effects on the fly, while the transport controls enable convenient access to playback features.

The M-Audio 49i also includes a software bundle that adds value to its purchase. This bundle typically encompasses popular digital audio workstations (DAWs) and virtual instruments, providing users with instant access to powerful music production tools right out of the box.

Furthermore, the device features advanced performance technologies such as note repeat and arpeggiator functions. These features enable musicians to create complex rhythms and melodies effortlessly, adding depth and creativity to their compositions.

Another notable characteristic is its compact and lightweight design. The sleek form factor allows for easy transport, making it a great option for musicians on the go. Whether in a studio, on stage, or during a rehearsal, the M-Audio 49i is designed to meet the demands of modern music-making.

In summary, the M-Audio 49i stands out as a robust and feature-rich MIDI keyboard controller. With its responsive keys, extensive control options, and compatibility with a range of software and hardware, it serves as an essential tool for both amateur and professional musicians alike. Whether for studio work or live performances, the M-Audio 49i is crafted to enhance the creative process and elevate musical expression.
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