Pass Labs X250 owner manual

Supersymmetry does not reduce the distortion and noise present in either half of the output of the balanced circuit. Comparing the distortion curves before and after the application of supersymmetry, we see essentially no difference in either half of the balanced pair considered alone. It is the balanced differential characteristic that improves dramatically, and that leads to one singular requirement of supersymmetric operation; it must be driven by a balanced input signal and it only produces a balanced output signal. You could drive it with a single-ended input and hook a speaker up to only one output and ground, but there would be no point to it at all.

Supersymmetry operates to make the two halves of the balanced circuit behave absolutely identically. Constructing the two halves of the circuit with identical topologies and matching the components precisely achieves a 20 dB or so reduction in distortion and noise, and local feedback with a Supersymmetric connection another 20 dB or so. This is easily accomplished with only one gain stage instead of the multiple stages required by conventional design, and so it results in only one “pole” of high frequency characteristic, and is unconditionally stable without compensation. In fact, if you build a supersymmetric circuit with multiple gain stages, it does not work as well.

In 1993 I attempted to build the first power amplifier using this principle, but it was not successful. Ironically, the supersymmetric concept not only allows for very simple gain circuits, but it requires them for good performance. My first efforts did not use a simple enough approach, although I didn’t realize it at the time. A more modest version of the circuit found its way into a preamplifier, the Aleph P. Ultimately the power amplifier was set aside, as we were very busy building Aleph single-ended Class A amplifiers.

In 1997 I decided to build a state-of-the-art very high power amplifier, the X1000, a project not particularly appropriate for the single-ended Class A approach (believe me, you don’t want to own an amplifier idling at 3000 watts per channel). So I pulled out the files on patent

#5,376,899 and took another look. Extensive testing of potential circuits revealed that the best topology for the front end of the amplifier is what we refer to as “balanced single-ended”, a phrase I use to refer to differential use of two single-ended Class A gain devices. The classic differential pair of transistors (or tubes, for that matter) is just such a topology.

“Balanced single-ended” is an oxymoron in the sense that most single-ended enthusiasts believe that the most desirable characteristic of single-ended circuits is their generation of even-order distortion components by virtue of their asymmetry. Purists will point out that a balanced version of a single-ended circuit will experience cancellation of noise and even-order components. Just so. Interestingly, the single-ended nature of each half of the balanced circuit doesn’t give rise to much in the way of odd-order distortion, and when the even-order components and noise are cancelled there isn’t much distortion and noise left. In any case, “Balanced single-ended” is a phrase that accurately describes the circuit.

For the amplifier’s front end, a balanced single-ended gain stage was developed which used just a differential pair of Mosfet gain devices. These were biased by constant current sources and cascoded for maximum performance and given local feedback and a Supersymmetric connection. After years of trying alternative arrangements, it ended up virtually identical to the schematic on the cover page of the patent, which is reproduced later in this manual.

The front end, which develops all the voltage gain for the amplifier, then presents this voltage to a large bank of follower Mosfet power transistors. Originally it was assumed that we would have to enclose this output stage in a feedback loop to get the performance we wanted, but

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