LNB low-noise block converter, Symbol rate

Usually satellite systems are adapted to satellites from the "Astra 1" family. Astra 1 is a tv satellite on the orbital position 19.2° East

Astra 2 is a tv satellite on the orbital position 28.2° East

Astra 3 is a tv satellite on the orbital position 23.5° East

LNB - low-noise block converter

Low-noise signal converter (LNB) is the first electronic module of a satellite reception system located in focus of a parabolic antenna It converts the satellite frequency of for example 10.7–11.75 or 11.8–12.75 GHz to the 950– 2150 MHz range and thus enables transfer through a coaxial cable and reception with a satellite receiver.

LNB – Intermediate frequency

Intermediate frequency is necessary to transmit the received signal without any problems and losses to the satellite receiver with a normal coaxial cable. The conversion is achieved through mixing the received signal with a local oscillator frequency multiplicatively (typically: 9.75 GHz for lower band and 10.6 GHz for upper band reception).

For some LNB's setting a differing intermediate frequency may be necessary. Some foreign satellites require this.

Symbol rate

The symbol rate simply shows how many symbols per second are being emitted - how "high" the symbol is depends on the transmission system. The symbol rates can vary greatly depending on the satellite and the tv provider.

More than 10 various symbol rates are possible on one and the same satellite.

Transponder

A Transponder on a satellite receives data and transmits it again. For example

aground-based radio station can transmit data signals for tv to a geostationary satellite , which will send back the signal back to Earth. Any

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