Black Box Version 1.0 user manual Bridging of local networks, Types of bridges

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The dynamic address assignment allows one to create IP networks in which the number of nodes exceeds the number of the IP addresses administrator has.

4.2.3 Bridging of local networks

Bridges are the simplest devices for logical network structuring. They divide the transmission network medium into segments (logical segments), forwarding data from one segment to another, if such a transmission is necessary, i.e. if the destination address belongs to another subnet.

Bridges are data communication devices that operate at the data link layer of the OSI reference model. They use addresses of computers and other devices. Bridges control data flow, handles transmission errors, provides physical (as opposed to logical) addressing and manage access to the physical medium. Bridges provide these functions by using various link-layer protocols that dictate specific flow control, error handling, and addressing and medium-access algorithms.

The primary advantage of bridging is the upper-layer protocol transparency. Because bridges operate at the data link layer, they are not required to examine upper layer information. It means that that they can rapidly forward traffic representing any network layer protocol.

By dividing large networks into self-contained units, bridges provide a range of additional advantages. First, because only a certain percent of traffic is forwarded, bridges diminish traffic passing through devices of all connected segments. Second, bridges act as a firewall for some potentially damaging network errors. Third, bridges allow communication between a larger number of devices than any single LAN connected to the bridge would support. Fourth, bridges extend the effective LAN length, permitting the attachment of distant stations.

Types of bridges

Bridges can be either local or remote. Local bridges provide a direct connection of subnet segments in the same area. Remote bridges connect subnet segments in different areas, usually over telecommunication lines. The MDS92xxx-10BT, device belongs to remote bridges.

Remote bridging represents several unique internetworking challenges. One of them is the difference between LAN and WAN speeds. Vastly different LAN and WAN speeds sometimes prevent users from running delay-sensitive network applications over the WAN.

Remote bridges cannot increase WAN speeds, but they can compensate for the speed discrepancies by using buffering capacities. If a LAN device capable of a 10-Mbit/s transmission rate intends to communicate with another remote LAN device, the local bridge must regulate the 10-Mbit/s information flows in order not to overwhelm the 2-Mbit/s serial link. It is done by storing the incoming data in buffers and transmitting it over a serial link. This can be achieved only for short bursts of data that do not overwhelm the bridge’s buffering capacity.

The MDS92xxx-10BT device implements “transparent bridge” and “spanning tree” algorithms.

The “transparent bridge” is called so because its presence and operation is transparent to all network hosts.

A bridge builds its own address table while passively monitoring the traffic. At this stage it extracts the information about source addresses of data frames. The source address shows that it belongs to a certain node of this or that network segment. Fig. 2 shows the creation of an

Version: 1.0

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Contents Ethernet Router / Bridge MDS921AE-10BT MDS922AE-10BTSpecifications Firmware Loading Description of Interface Cables Major changes to previous version Version ControlIntroduction Version Specification XDSL technology, background TechnologiesAsymmetric DSL Adsl technology Adsl in briefLine code Isdn DSL technologyNumber of pairs UsageHigh bit rate DSL Hdsl technology Idsl in briefStandard Transmission rateHdsl in brief EXTRAns in brief EXTRAns technologyMdsl in brief Multispeed DSL Mdsl technologyMSDSL, in brief Multispeed DSL Msdsl technologyTransmission medium Straight-line code7.1 G.shdsl, in brief 7 G.shdsl technologyLocal area network integration. Access to Internet 1 TCP/IP stack structureLayer Correspondence of TCP/IP layers with the OSI model layers IP address classes Address assignment in IP networksMasks Automatic assignment of IP addressesTypes of bridges Bridging of local networksSimple network Version Network before running STA Routing components Routing of networksOptimal path determination Change of packet addresses SwitchingRouting algorithms, RIP Internet Access through LANs, NATStatic Network Address Translation NAT functioningDynamic Address Translation Masquerading NAPT, PATInternal IP Port local NAT port 191.167.0.10 1243 61300 Background Description of the DeviceStructural schematic of MDS92xxx-10BT Master/Slave mode Operation modeConnection at a fixed speed Fixed Mode Connection with an automatic speed regulation Adaptive modeRoute mode Bridge modeEthernet 10BaseT interface ATM interfaceLED Description of LEDsSub-Rack Mechanic DesignMDS920C-10BT, NG, front panel Xdsl Mini-RackMDS922AE-10BT, front panel LED Stand AloneEquipment Installation Version Programming Guide IntroductionManagement of devices of Sub-Rack type Management of devices of Mini-Rack and Stand Alone type Command structureCommand tree of bridge mode Command tree of router mode Help command Main menu of the bridge modeHome command Security password from an unauthorized accessLan command Default commandSetip command Show commandList command Manage command Setpass commandPassword setting Password disablement Password changeMode command Bridge mode setting modeRouter mode setting mode Quick command Ping commandANY 10 R1483 commandDelpvc command Pfilter commandSetpvc command Setspan command Setqos command10.6 6 Show command Restart commandSave command Shdsl shdsl Shdsl commandEnable command Terminal commandAnnex command Adapt command Fix commandPRE Activation Status commandVer command Main menu of the router mode Default commandDnsrelay command Setdnsip command Delwanip command Ipoa commandSetwanip command Setrip commandDhcpserver command Setdhcp command Addpatin command Pat commandSetpat command Delpatin commandPppoa command Adduser command Chpass commandDeluser command Setllc command Echo commandPppoe command 12 R1483 command 12.4 8.3.12.4 Setwanip command WAN Rtable command AddiprouteDeliproute All Deletes Firmware loading guide Firmware LoadingTechnical Specifications Interfaces Monitor interfaceNetwork management interface Network interface Surge safety Protection against dangerous affects10.3 10.3 Climatic conditions 10.5 10.5 Physical dimensions 10.4 10.4 GuaranteeCONNECTORS’ Description Shdsl connectorMonitor connector Power connector For MDS922AE-10BT Ethernet 10BaseT connector12.1 «Direct» Ethernet cable Description of Interface CablesCross-over Ethernet cable Typically the delivery set includes Delivery SETGlossary RJ45 RJ11RS232 SplitterTDM Router Example of Network ConfigurationVersion Ethernet IP Subnet mask 0.0.0.0 WAN IP Gateway

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