MultiFRAD II User Guide

Access: The T1 line element made up of two pairs of wire that the telephone company brings to the customer premises. The Access portion ends with a connection at the local telco (LEC or RBOC).

Accunet Spectrum of Digital Services (ASDS): The AT&T 56K bps leased (private) line service. Similar to services of MCI and Sprint. ASDS is available in nx56/64K bps, where n=1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12.

ACK (ACKnowledgement code) (pronounced "ack"): A communications code sent from a receiving modem to a transmitting modem to indicate that it is ready to accept data. It is also used to acknowledge the error-free receipt of transmitted data. Contrast with NAK.

Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM): In multimedia applications, a technique in which pulse code modulation samples are compressed before they are stored on a disk. ADCPM, an extension of the PCM format, is a standard encoding format for storing audio information in a digital format. It reduced storage requirements by storing differences between successive digital samples rather than full values.

Address: A numbered location inside a computer. It's how the computer accesses its resources, like a video card, serial ports, memory, etc.

AMI line coding: One of two common methods of T1 line coding (with B8ZS). AMI line coding places restrictions on user data (B8ZS does not).

Analog signal: A waveform which has amplitude, frequency and phase, and which takes on a range of values between its maximum and minimum points.

Analog Transmission: One of two types of telecommunications which uses an analog signal as a carrier of voice, data, video, etc. An analog signal becomes a carrier when it is modulated by altering its phase, amplitude and frequency to correspond with the source signal. Compare with digital transmission.

Application Program Interface (API): A software module created to enable dissimilar, or incompatible applications programs to transfer information over a communications link. APIs may be simple or complex; they are commonly required to link PC applications with mainframe programs.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) (pronounced "askey"): A binary code for data that is used in communications and in many computers and terminals. The code is used to represent numbers, letters, punctuation and control characters. The basic ASCII code is a 7-bit character set which defines 128 possible characters. The extended ASCII file provides 255 characters.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM): A very high-speed method of transmission that uses fixed-size cells of 53 bytes to transfer information over fiber; also known as cell relay.

AT Commands: A standard set of commands used to configure various modem parameters, establish connections and disconnect. The "AT" is used to get the "attention" of the modem before the actual command is issued.

Availability: The measure of the time during which a circuit is ready for use; the complement of circuit "outage" (100% minus % outage = % available).

B7ZS (Bipolar 7 Zero Suppression) line coding: One method of T1 line coding (see also "B8ZS" and "AMI"). B7ZS line coding does not place restrictions on user data (AMI does).

B8ZS (Bipolar 8 Zero Suppression) line coding: One of two common methods of T1 line coding (with AMI). B8ZS line coding does not place restrictions on user data (AMI does). A coding method used to produce 64K bps "clear" transmission. (See also "B7ZS" and "AMI" line coding)

Backbone: 1. A set of nodes and their interconnecting links providing the primary data path across a network. 2. In a local area network multiple-bridge ring configuration, a high-speed link to which the rings are connected by means of bridges. A backbone may be config- ured as a bus or as a ring. 3. In a wide area network, a high-speed link to which nodes or data switching exchanges (DSEs) are connected. 4. A common distribution core that provides all electrical power, gases, chemicals, and other services to the sectors of an automated wager processing system.

Background: An activity that takes place in the PC while you are running another application. In other words, the active user interface does not correspond to the 'background' task.

Bandwidth: The transmission capacity of a computer channel, communications line or bus. It is expressed in cycles per second (hertz), the bandwidth being the difference between the lowest and highest frequencies transmitted. The range of usable frequencies that a transmission medium will pass without unacceptable attenuation or distortion. Bandwidth is a factor in determining the amount of information and the speed at which a medium can transmit data or other information.

Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN): A bit that tells you that a certain frame on a particular logical connection has encountered heavy traffic. The bit provides notification that congestion-avoidance procedures should be initiated in the opposite direction of the received frame. See also FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification).