Applications
IP Addressing
Devices on an IP network are located by their IP addresses, which is a 32 bit number divided into four 8 bit fields. The IP address identifies both the network and the host device (also known as a node) on that network. The address is usually written as the four decimal values for the fields (between 0 and 255) separated by decimal points; for example 196.65.43.21.
The high order field defines the IP class of the address. There are three commonly used classes of standard IP addresses:
A:1 to 127
B:128 to 191
C:192 to 223
For Class A addresses, only the first 7 bits of the high order field represents the network address, so there can be 127 networks. The remaining three fields are the host portion of the address – there can be over 16 million (224) host devices on each class A network.
Class B uses the first two fields for network addresses and can address approximately 16,000 networks. The two low order fields allow approximately 65,000 host addresses (216) for each network.
Class C uses three high order fields to address over 2 million networks; the low order field is used to address up to 253 hosts (the addresses with all bits set to 1 and all 0 are reserved for network use; so addresses available from 8 bits = 255 minus the 2 reserved).
IP addresses within a private network may be assigned arbitrarily, however, if that network is to interconnect with the global Internet, it is necessary to obtain a registered IP address.
For example, a small company is connected to the Internet; they are assigned a single class C IP network address (199.169.100.0). This network address allows the company to define up to 253 host addresses within their network.
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