Grounding guidelines
Electrostatic discharge damage
Electronic components are sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD). Circuitry design and structure determine the degree of sensitivity. Networks built into many integrated circuits provide some protection, but in many cases, ESD contains enough power to alter device parameters or melt silicon junctions.
A discharge of static electricity from a finger or other conductor can destroy
An electronic device exposed to ESD may not be affected at all and can work perfectly throughout a normal cycle. Or the device may function normally for a while, and then degrade in the internal layers, reducing its life expectancy.
CAUTION: To prevent damage to the computer when you are removing or installing internal components, observe these precautions:
Keep components in their
Use nonmagnetic tools.
Before touching an electronic component, discharge static electricity by using the guidelines described in this section.
Avoid touching pins, leads, and circuitry. Handle electronic components as little as possible.
If you remove a component, place it in an
The following table shows how humidity affects the electrostatic voltage levels generated by different activities.
CAUTION: A product can be degraded by as little as 700 V.
Typical electrostatic voltage levels
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| Relative humidity |
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Event | 10% | 40% | 55% |
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Walking across carpet | 35,000 V | 15,000 V | 7,500 V |
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Walking across vinyl floor | 12,000 V | 5,000 V | 3,000 V |
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Motions of bench worker | 6,000 V | 800 V | 400 V |
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Removing DIPS from plastic tube | 2,000 V | 700 V | 400 V |
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Removing DIPS from vinyl tray | 11,500 V | 4,000 V | 2,000 V |
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Removing DIPS from Styrofoam | 14,500 V | 5,000 V | 3,500 V |
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Removing bubble pack from PCB | 26,500 V | 20,000 V | 7,000 V |
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Packing PCBs in | 21,000 V | 11,000 V | 5,000 V |
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Preliminary replacement requirements 53
