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HP C/aC++ for PA-RISC Software manual Optimizing HP aC++ Programs 156, Exception Handling 161

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Example	149
typename Keyword	149
Usage	149
Example	149
Overloading new[] and delete[] for Arrays	150
Example	151
Standard Exception Classes	152
Example	152
Exceptions Thrown by the Standard C++ Library	153
type_info Class	153
Unsupported Functionality	154
7 Optimizing HP aC++ Programs	156
Requesting Optimization	156
Setting Basic Optimization Levels	156
Level 1 Optimization	156
Level 2 Optimization	156
Level 3 Optimization	157
Level 4 Optimization	157
Additional Options for Finer Control	157
Enabling Aggressive Optimizations	157
Enabling Only Conservative Optimizations	158
Removing Compilation Time Limits When Optimizing	158
Limiting the Size of Optimized Code	158
Combining Optimization Options	158
Profile-Based Optimization	158
Instrumentation	159
Collecting Data for Profiling	159
Maintaining Profile Data Files	159
Example 1	160
Example 2	160
Performing Profile-Based Optimization	160
Pragmas That Control Optimization	160
8 Exception Handling	161
Exception Handling	161
Exception Handling in C++	161
Exception Handling as Defined by the ANSI/ISO C++ International Standard	162
Basic Exception Handling Example	162
Function Try Block Examples	162
Debugging Exception Handling	163
Performance Considerations	163
Using Threads	163
Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library 2.2.1	163
Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library 1.2.1 and Tools.h++ 7.0.6	163
Using Locks	163
Required Command-line Options	164
Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library 2.2.1	164
Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library 1.2.1 and Tools.h++ 7.0.6	164
Limitations	165
Using -D_THREAD_SAFE with the cfront Compatible libstream	165
Differences between Standard iostreams and cfront Compatible libstream	165
Using -D__HPACC_THREAD_SAFE_RB_TREE	165
Exception Handling	166
Pthreads (POSIX Threads)	166
Limitations	166

12 Contents

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HP C/aC++ for PA-RISC Software manual Optimizing HP aC++ Programs 156, Exception Handling 161

Contents

HP aC++/HP C A.06.28 Programmers Guide Page Contents +FP Contents Contents Contents Pragma Directives and Attributes Initialization and Termination PragmasCopyright Notice and Identification Pragmas Data Alignment Pragmas Contents Preprocessing Directives 119 Using HP aC++ Templates 132 Standardizing Your Code 138 Optimizing HP aC++ Programs 156 Exception Handling 161 Tools and Libraries 175 170 Mixing C++ with Other Languages 188 Distributing Your C++ Products 195 Migrating from HP C++ cfront to HP aC++ 198Strings 194 Arrays Files in Fortran Documentation feedback 221 Diagnostic Messages 222 Glossary 223 Index 227 HP secure development lifecycle About This Document Intended AudienceWhat’s in This Document Typographical Conventions This document uses the following conventions Publishing History Related DocumentsHP-UX Release Name and Release Identifier HP-UX 11i Releases HP Encourages Your Comments Following is a list of documents available with this release Getting Started with HP aC++ Components of the Compilation SystemC89 C99 ecom Ctcom Other HP aC++ executable files are Using the aCC Command Compiling a Simple ProgramExecuting the Program Debugging Programs Compiler Command Syntax and Environmental Variables Examples of the aCC Command Files on the aCC Command Line Assembly Language Source Files .s Files++ Source File .C file Preprocessed Source Files .i Files Configuration Files .conf Files Environment VariablesObject Files .o Files Library Files .a and .so Files ACCFULLPATHNAMES Environment Variable ACCMAXERR Environment VariableCxxopts Environment Variable Cclibdir Environment Variable Ccrootdir Environment Variable ACC -L/mnt/proj/lib file.o ACC file.o Floating Installation Cxxmapfile Environment VariableTmpdir Environment Variable Export CCROOTDIR=/mnt/CXX2.1 Setting up Floating Installation HP aC++ Command-Line Options Options to Control Code Generation ACC -c sub.C prog.CACC +DO11.22 +O3 app.C ILP32 Data Model and LP64 Data Model Using +DS to Specify Instruction Scheduling Compiling in Networked Environments Data Alignment and Storage ACC -S prog.CSize and Alignment of HP Compiler Data Types Debugging Options Fshort-enums+expandtypesindiag ACC +u1 app.C When to use -g, -g0, and -g1 Differences Between -g, -g0, and -g1 OptionsG1 Algorithm +macrodebug +noobjdebug +pathtrace+pathtrace=kind Local Error Handling None+pathtrace=globallocal ACC +p file.C +wn +Wargs+Wcontextlimit +wperfadvice +We+Weargs +Wv Exception Handling Extensions to the Language+wsecurity +noeh +Onofenvaccess Floating-Point Processing Options+Onocxlimitedrange Fpeval FpevaldecNofpwidetypes +decfp +FPmode +Onolibmerrno+Oprefetchlatency +Onopreservedfpregs Header File Options ACC -I include file.C Idirs -I- -Idirs Online Help Option +help Inlining Options +inlinelevel num Library Options DynamicExec Lname Linker Options Minshared+nostl +Onolibcalls= Usymbol Usymbol+Onodynopt +Onodynopt Options for Naming the Output File Native Language Support Option+ild +ildrelink Handling Null Pointers Options Code Optimizing OptionsBasic Optimization Level Options ACC -z file.C +O0 +O1+O2 +O3 Additional Optimization Options for Finer Control +O4ACC +O3 prog.C +O4 Ipo +nonrv+Onofailsafe Advanced +Ooptimization Options +Onoaggressive+Onolimit +Onoptrstoglobals=list +Onocrossregionaddressing +Onodatalayout+Onodataprefetch +Onofltacc +Ofrequentlycalled +Onoinitcheck +Onoinline +Olit+Ointegeroverflow +Olevel +Onolooptransform+Onoloopunroll +Onoopenmp +opts +Onoparminit+Onoparmsoverlap +Onoprocelim +Orarelycalled +Onosignedpointers+Oshortdata +Otypesafety Profile-Based Optimization Options+Onostoreordering +Ounrollfactor Parallel Processing Options Information Embedding OptionsDisplaying Optimization Information Annotate=structs Option Matrix for -mt Required if -DPOSIXCSOURCEis used +Onoautopar +tls=staticdynamic Performance Options +wlockFast +Ofast +Ofaster +Onotlscallschangetp+nosrcpos +DSmodel Porting Options +sb+ub +uc +w64bit +wdriver+wendian This warning can be suppressed by adding an extra cast Preprocessor Options DnameRedirecting Output From This Option Maked +Maked+maked Examples Profiling Code Options Uname+profilebucketsize Runtime Checking Options +check+check=all +check=none +check=boundsarray +check=boundspointer Compiling with +check=boundspointer Check off by one out-of-bounds access Check off by any number out-of-bounds access +check=globals +check=lock +check=malloc +check=stackframevariablesnone +check=thread +check=truncateexplicitimplicit +check=uninitCh = intval & 0xff +check=truncateexplicit +check=truncateimplicit Standards Related Options AarmAarm AC89 AC99Ag++ Agcc AOa and -AOe +legacycpp+legacyv5 +std=c89c99c++98c++11gccg++gnu +stl=rwnone +tru64 Wc,-ansiforscope,onoffWc,-koeniglookup,onoff +tru64 Subprocesses of the Compiler Tx,nameMore Examples of -t Tx,name Wx,args Symbol Binding Options BdefaultBextern Passing Options to the Linker with -W Bhidden BhiddendefBprotected Bprotecteddata Template Options Trigraph Processing Suppression Option +instincludesuffixes Verbose Compile and Link Information Process Compiler 94/u 65/s 35/r 37/u 76/s 02/r Concatenating Options ACC -V app.CACC myfile.C -v -g1 ACC myfile.C -vg1 ACC -vg1 myfile.C Pragma Directives and Attributes Initialization and Termination Pragmas Copyright Notice and Identification Pragmas Data Alignment Pragmas #pragma Versionid string#pragma Versionid Software Product, Version 12345.A.01.05 #pragma align N Data Alignment Pragmas Basic Example Template Example Implicit Access to Unaligned Data Handling Unaligned Data #pragma unalign Typedef T1 T2 Interaction between pack and unalign pragmas is as follows Optimization Pragmas Optlevel PragmaOptimize Pragma Floattrapson Pragma Noinline Pragma Diagnostic Pragmas Other Pragmas Defaultbinding Pragma Binding PragmaEstimatedfrequency Pragma Extern Pragma Hdrstop Pragma Hidden PragmaHpdefinedexternal Pragma Hpdefinedinternal Pragma POP Pragma Pragma onceProtected Pragma Ptrsstronglytyped Pragma #pragma Stdc FLOATCONSTDECIMAL64 on OFF Default Stdc Cxlimitedrange PragmaStdc FLOATCONSTDECIMAL64 Pragma Stdc Fpcontract Pragma Stdc Fenvaccess Pragma Unrollfactor PragmaOMP Atomic Pragma OMP Barrier Pragma OMP Critical PragmaOMP for Pragma OMP Flush Pragma OMP Master Pragma OMP Ordered PragmaOMP Parallel Pragma OMP Parallel for Pragma OMP Parallel Sections Pragma OMP Sections PragmaOMP Single Pragma OMP Task Pragma OpenMP Clauses Default CopyprivateShared Copyin Attributes Attribute nonexposing Attribute noreturnAttribute nonexposing Attribute noreturn Attribute format Attribute visibilityAttribute warnunusedresult Preprocessing Directives Overview of the PreprocessorSyntax Usage Guidelines Source File Inclusion #include, #includenext SyntaxDescription Assertions #assert, #unassert Macro Replacement #define, #undef #define mac very very long\ Replacement stringExamples Macros with Parameters Specifying String Literals with the # Operator Concatenating Tokens with the ## OperatorExample Following illustrates the ## operator Using Macros to Define Constants Other MacrosVar1 is #define Arraysize 1000float xARRAYSIZE Using Constants and Inline Functions Instead of Macros Assertions #assert, #unassert Predefined Macros Conditional Compilation #if, #ifdef, .. #endif HP aC++ predefines the following predicatesCode that compiles if the expression evaluates to zero Using the defined Operator Using the #if DirectiveUsing the #ifdef and #ifndef Directives Using the #else Directive Line Control #line Example#line 5 myfile This macro enables the following non-standard features Iostream Performance Improvement PragmaPragma Directive #pragma and Pragma Operator See page 96 for more information on pragmas Error Directive #error Trigraph SequencesExamples Line below contains the trigraph sequence ??= When this line is compiled it becomes ??=line 5 myfile Using HP aC++ Templates Invoking Compile-Time InstantiationScope and Precedence Template Processing Explicit Instantiation UsagePerformance Template class Tablechar Command-Line Option Instantiation Compile-Time InstantiationFunction Template ACC -c +instcompiletime a.C ACC -c a.C Why Use Compile-Time Instantiation Possible Duplicate Symbols in Shared LibrariesPossible Duplicate Symbols in Archive Libraries Scope ++ Template Tutorial Class TemplatesBuilding an Archive Library with +instauto/+instclose Building an Archive Library with Compile-time Instantiation Function Templates Standardizing Your Code HP aC++ KeywordsBool Keyword HP aC++ Keywords Compile time error message is Dynamiccast Keyword Above generates a compile-time error Explicit Keyword Classic example of this problem is an array class Mutable Keyword Namespace and using Keywords Connections Across Translation Units Using- declarations and using- directives Using Nx // Where N is a namespace, x is a name in NAn Auxiliary Translation Unit IntPage Class Base Virtual void f Must have a virtual function to Volatile Keyword Wchart Keyword Template KeywordTypename Keyword Overloading new and delete for Arrays Use it as the name of the template C belowDeclare a class as a member of the class template C2 below Example Rangeerror Standard Exception ClassesInvalidargument Exceptions Thrown by the Standard C++ Library Typeinfo ClassFollowing exceptions are thrown by the Standard C++ Library Unsupported Functionality Int before const typeinfo& const Memfun1reft Memfunreft Iostream Setting Basic Optimization Levels Optimizing HP aC++ ProgramsRequesting Optimization Level 1 Optimization Additional Options for Finer Control Level 3 OptimizationLevel 4 Optimization Enabling Aggressive Optimizations Removing Compilation Time Limits When Optimizing Profile-Based OptimizationEnabling Only Conservative Optimizations Limiting the Size of Optimized Code Instrumentation Collecting Data for ProfilingMaintaining Profile Data Files Sample.exe input.file1 Sample.exe input.file2 Pragmas That Control Optimization Performing Profile-Based OptimizationACC -o sample.exe +Oprofile=use +O3 sample.C See Optimization Pragmas page 103 for more information Exception Handling Exception Handling in C++ Basic Exception Handling Example Function Try Block Examples Using Threads Using LocksDebugging Exception Handling Performance Considerations Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library Required Command-line Options Rogue Wave Standard C++ LibraryRogue Wave Standard C++ Library 1.2.1 and Tools.h++ LpthreadThis option applies only to kernel threads Using -DTHREADSAFE with the cfront Compatible libstream Using -DHPACCTHREADSAFERBTREELimitations Cout endl Pthreads Posix Threads Exception HandlingACC -mt prog.c Parallel Programming Using OpenMP Function ScopingOpenMP Implementation OpenMP Header File OpenMP LibraryOpenMP APIs are defined in the library libomp +Onoopenmp Command Line Option Environment Variables in OpenMPOpenmp Macro Where, kind is either of of static, dynamic, or guided Runtime Library Functions in OpenMP Execution Environment FunctionsExport OMPDYNAMIC=value Setenv Ompdynamic value Export OMPNESTED=value Setenv Ompnested value Ompsetnumthreads OmpgetnumthreadsOmpgetmaxthreads Ompgetthreadnum Lock Functions OmpsetdynamicOmpgetdynamic Ompsetnested Ompinitlock and ompinitnestlock Ompdestroylock and ompdestroynestlockOmpsetlock and ompsetnestlock Ompunsetlock and ompunsetnestlock Timing Functions Omptestlock and omptestnestlock FunctionsOmpgetwtime Ompgetwtick HP Specific Features of lex and yacc Creating and Using LibrariesTools and Libraries Locale directive for lex Introduction to Using the Standard C++ Library HP aC++ LibrariesStandard C++ Library Introduction Differences between Standard C++ Library and Other Libraries Non-Object-Oriented Design of the Standard C++ Library Standard C++ Library Reference Incompatibilities Between the Library and the Standard ACC -DHPACCUSINGMULTIPLIESINFUNCTIONAL test.c Tools.h++ LibraryHP aC++ Runtime Support Library IOStream Library Creating and Using Shared Libraries Linking to C++ LibrariesLinking with Shared or Archive Libraries Specifying Other Libraries Using a Shared Library Example of Creating and Using a Shared LibraryCreating a Shared Library Linking Archive or Shared Libraries Advanced Shared Library Features Forcing the Export of Symbols in mainUpdating a Shared Library Binding Times Side Effects of C++ Shared LibrariesRoutines and Options to Manage C++ Shared Libraries Linker Options to Manage Shared Libraries Standard HP-UX Libraries and Header Files Allocation Policies for Containers For -AA Standard Library For a string type HP aC++ File Locations HP aC++ Executable Files HP aC++ Runtime Libraries and Header Files Usr/lib/hpux##/libCsup.soUsr/lib/hpux##/libCsup11.so ISO C++11 standard compliant Mixing C++ with Other Languages Calling Other LanguagesData Compatibility between C and C++ Using the extern C Linkage Specification HP aC++ Calling HP CSyntax of extern C Examples of extern C Differences in Argument Passing Conventions Main FunctionExamples HP aC++ Calling HP C HP C Calling HP aC++ Running the ExampleEnter the nameJoann Joann has a balance To compile the example, run the following commands Compiling and Running the Sample Programs Using Reference Variables to Pass Arguments Calling HP Fortran 90 from HP aC++Function Naming Conventions Example of Reference Variables as Arguments Using extern C Linkage StringsArrays Files in Fortran Distributing Your C++ Products Applications that use HP aC++ Shared Libraries Installing your Application Linking Your HP aC++ Libraries with Other LanguagesHP aC++ Files You May Distribute Terms for Distribution of HP aC++ Files Migrating from HP C++ cfront to HP aC++ General Guidelines for MigrationGetting Started with Migration CC +p cfrontfile.C Command-Line Differences New Command-Line OptionsWriting Code for both Compilers Explicit Loading and Unloading of Shared Libraries Obsolete Command-Line Options Describes obsolete command-line options for HP aC++ Changed Command-Line Options Ptv Migration Considerations when Debugging Migration Considerations when Using Exception HandlingException Handling is the Default See Debugging Options page 35 for complete information Possible Differences when Exiting a Signal Handler Memory Allocation Failure and operator new Differences in setjmp/longjmp Behavior Calling unexpected Unreachable catch Clauses Throwing an Object having an Ambiguous Base Class Migration Considerations when Using Libraries Standards Based Libraries HP C++ cfront Compatibility Libraries Fstream3C++ iostream and streambuf specialized to filesManip3C++ iostream manipulators Man 3s filebuf Migration Considerations Related to Preprocessing HP C++ cfront Complex Library Not SupportedHP C++ cfront Task Library Not Supported Replace #include with complex Migration Considerations Related to Standardization Obsolete Preprocessor OptionsChanges in C++ Semantics Implicit Typing of Character String Literals Overload Resolution Ambiguity of Subscripting Operator Execution Order of Static Constructors in Shared Libraries Changes in C++ Syntax More Frequent Inlining of Inline CodeExplicit int Declaration For Statement, New Scoping Rules Struct as Template Type Parameter is PermittedEquivalent, valid HP aC++ code follows WC,-ansiforscope,on This code compiles without error with HP aC++ Base Template Class Reference Syntax ChangeTokens after #endif Overload not a Keyword Dangling Comma in enum Static Member Definition RequiredDeclaring friend Classes Using in Class Definitions Incorrect Syntax for Calls to operator newDuplicate Formal Argument Names Ambiguous Function or Object Declaration Overloaded Operations ++ Reference Initialization Using operator new to Allocate Arrays On HP aC++, the following error is generatedCompiling this code HP aC++ generates the following error Parentheses in Static Member Initialization List Qualified-id Required in Static Member Initialization List Non-constant Reference Initialization Migration Considerations when Using Templates Verbose Template Processing InformationDigraph White Space Separators CA a Converting Directed Mode to Explicit Instantiation Common Template Migration Syntax ChangesCfront Implicit Include Convention Documentation feedback Diagnostic Messages AC++ Message CatalogFrequently Encountered Messages Glossary Aggressive International Standard defines only synchronous exceptions See template Glossary Symbols Index Crootdir FLOATTRAPSON, 103 FREQUENTLYCALLED, 106 HDRSTOP, 107 Hidden Index