Glossary | HP C/aC++ for PA-RISC Software instruction

translation unit The standard term for a compilation unit. It refers to a single source file submitted to the compiler along with all files included by the compilation of that single source file. A translation unit normally results in a single object file. It is also a variable name explicitly declared static has the scope of its translation unit and can be used as a name for other objects, functions, and so on in other translation units in the same application.

trigraph sequences A set of three characters that is replaced by a corresponding single character by the preprocessor.

yacc	A programming tool to describe input to a computer program.

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HP C/aC++ for PA-RISC Software manual Glossary

Contents

HP aC++/HP C A.06.28 Programmers Guide Page Contents +FP Contents Contents Contents Copyright Notice and Identification Pragmas Pragma Directives and AttributesInitialization and Termination Pragmas Data Alignment Pragmas Contents Preprocessing Directives 119 Using HP aC++ Templates 132 Standardizing Your Code 138 Optimizing HP aC++ Programs 156 Exception Handling 161 Tools and Libraries 175 170 Mixing C++ with Other Languages 188 Migrating from HP C++ cfront to HP aC++ 198 Distributing Your C++ Products 195Strings 194 Arrays Files in Fortran Documentation feedback 221 Diagnostic Messages 222 Glossary 223 Index 227 HP secure development lifecycle Intended Audience About This DocumentWhat’s in This Document Typographical Conventions This document uses the following conventions HP-UX Release Name and Release Identifier Publishing HistoryRelated Documents HP-UX 11i Releases HP Encourages Your Comments Following is a list of documents available with this release C89 C99 ecom Ctcom Getting Started with HP aC++Components of the Compilation System Other HP aC++ executable files are Executing the Program Using the aCC CommandCompiling a Simple Program Debugging Programs Compiler Command Syntax and Environmental Variables Examples of the aCC Command ++ Source File .C file Files on the aCC Command LineAssembly Language Source Files .s Files Preprocessed Source Files .i Files Object Files .o Files Configuration Files .conf FilesEnvironment Variables Library Files .a and .so Files Cxxopts Environment Variable ACCFULLPATHNAMES Environment VariableACCMAXERR Environment Variable Cclibdir Environment Variable Ccrootdir Environment Variable ACC -L/mnt/proj/lib file.o ACC file.o Tmpdir Environment Variable Floating InstallationCxxmapfile Environment Variable Export CCROOTDIR=/mnt/CXX2.1 Setting up Floating Installation HP aC++ Command-Line Options ACC +DO11.22 +O3 app.C Options to Control Code GenerationACC -c sub.C prog.C ILP32 Data Model and LP64 Data Model Using +DS to Specify Instruction Scheduling Compiling in Networked Environments ACC -S prog.C Data Alignment and StorageSize and Alignment of HP Compiler Data Types +expandtypesindiag Debugging OptionsFshort-enums ACC +u1 app.C G1 Algorithm When to use -g, -g0, and -g1Differences Between -g, -g0, and -g1 Options +macrodebug +pathtrace=kind +noobjdebug+pathtrace Local +pathtrace=globallocal Error HandlingNone ACC +p file.C +Wargs +wn+Wcontextlimit +Weargs +wperfadvice+We +Wv +wsecurity Exception HandlingExtensions to the Language +noeh Floating-Point Processing Options +Onofenvaccess+Onocxlimitedrange Nofpwidetypes FpevalFpevaldec +decfp +Oprefetchlatency +FPmode+Onolibmerrno +Onopreservedfpregs Header File Options ACC -I include file.C Idirs -I- -Idirs Online Help Option +help Inlining Options +inlinelevel num Exec Library OptionsDynamic Lname +nostl Linker OptionsMinshared +Onolibcalls= +Onodynopt UsymbolUsymbol +Onodynopt +ild Options for Naming the Output FileNative Language Support Option +ildrelink Basic Optimization Level Options Handling Null Pointers OptionsCode Optimizing Options ACC -z file.C +O2 +O0+O1 +O3 ACC +O3 prog.C Additional Optimization Options for Finer Control+O4 +O4 +nonrv Ipo+Onofailsafe +Onolimit Advanced +Ooptimization Options+Onoaggressive +Onoptrstoglobals=list +Onodataprefetch +Onocrossregionaddressing+Onodatalayout +Onofltacc +Ofrequentlycalled +Onoinitcheck +Olit +Onoinline+Ointegeroverflow +Onoloopunroll +Olevel+Onolooptransform +Onoopenmp +Onoparmsoverlap +opts+Onoparminit +Onoprocelim +Onosignedpointers +Orarelycalled+Oshortdata +Onostoreordering +OtypesafetyProfile-Based Optimization Options +Ounrollfactor Displaying Optimization Information Parallel Processing OptionsInformation Embedding Options Annotate=structs Option Matrix for -mt Required if -DPOSIXCSOURCEis used +Onoautopar +tls=staticdynamic Fast Performance Options+wlock +Ofast +nosrcpos +Ofaster+Onotlscallschangetp +DSmodel +ub Porting Options+sb +uc +wendian +w64bit+wdriver This warning can be suppressed by adding an extra cast Dname Preprocessor OptionsRedirecting Output From This Option +maked Maked+Maked Examples Uname Profiling Code Options+profilebucketsize +check=all Runtime Checking Options+check +check=none +check=boundsarray +check=boundspointer Compiling with +check=boundspointer Check off by one out-of-bounds access Check off by any number out-of-bounds access +check=globals +check=lock +check=malloc +check=stackframevariablesnone +check=thread Ch = intval & 0xff +check=truncateexplicit +check=truncateexplicitimplicit+check=uninit +check=truncateimplicit Aarm Standards Related OptionsAarm Ag++ AC89AC99 Agcc +legacycpp AOa and -AOe+legacyv5 +std=c89c99c++98c++11gccg++gnu +stl=rwnone Wc,-koeniglookup,onoff +tru64Wc,-ansiforscope,onoff +tru64 More Examples of -t Subprocesses of the CompilerTx,name Tx,name Wx,args Bextern Symbol Binding OptionsBdefault Passing Options to the Linker with -W Bprotected BhiddenBhiddendef Bprotecteddata Template Options Trigraph Processing Suppression Option +instincludesuffixes Verbose Compile and Link Information Process Compiler 94/u 65/s 35/r 37/u 76/s 02/r ACC -V app.C Concatenating OptionsACC myfile.C -v -g1 ACC myfile.C -vg1 ACC -vg1 myfile.C Pragma Directives and Attributes Initialization and Termination Pragmas Copyright Notice and Identification Pragmas #pragma Versionid Software Product, Version 12345.A.01.05 Data Alignment Pragmas#pragma Versionid string #pragma align N Data Alignment Pragmas Basic Example Template Example Implicit Access to Unaligned Data Handling Unaligned Data #pragma unalign Typedef T1 T2 Interaction between pack and unalign pragmas is as follows Optimize Pragma Optimization PragmasOptlevel Pragma Floattrapson Pragma Noinline Pragma Diagnostic Pragmas Other Pragmas Estimatedfrequency Pragma Defaultbinding PragmaBinding Pragma Extern Pragma Hpdefinedexternal Pragma Hdrstop PragmaHidden Pragma Hpdefinedinternal Pragma Protected Pragma POP PragmaPragma once Ptrsstronglytyped Pragma Stdc FLOATCONSTDECIMAL64 Pragma #pragma Stdc FLOATCONSTDECIMAL64 on OFF DefaultStdc Cxlimitedrange Pragma Stdc Fpcontract Pragma Unrollfactor Pragma Stdc Fenvaccess PragmaOMP Atomic Pragma OMP for Pragma OMP Barrier PragmaOMP Critical Pragma OMP Flush Pragma OMP Parallel Pragma OMP Master PragmaOMP Ordered Pragma OMP Parallel for Pragma OMP Single Pragma OMP Parallel Sections PragmaOMP Sections Pragma OMP Task Pragma OpenMP Clauses Shared DefaultCopyprivate Copyin Attributes Attribute nonexposing Attribute nonexposingAttribute noreturn Attribute noreturn Attribute visibility Attribute formatAttribute warnunusedresult Syntax Preprocessing DirectivesOverview of the Preprocessor Usage Guidelines Description Source File Inclusion #include, #includenextSyntax Assertions #assert, #unassert Examples Macro Replacement #define, #undef#define mac very very long\ Replacement string Macros with Parameters Example Specifying String Literals with the # OperatorConcatenating Tokens with the ## Operator Following illustrates the ## operator Var1 is Using Macros to Define ConstantsOther Macros #define Arraysize 1000float xARRAYSIZE Using Constants and Inline Functions Instead of Macros Assertions #assert, #unassert Predefined Macros HP aC++ predefines the following predicates Conditional Compilation #if, #ifdef, .. #endifCode that compiles if the expression evaluates to zero Using the #ifdef and #ifndef Directives Using the defined OperatorUsing the #if Directive Using the #else Directive Example Line Control #line#line 5 myfile Pragma Directive #pragma and Pragma Operator This macro enables the following non-standard featuresIostream Performance Improvement Pragma See page 96 for more information on pragmas Examples Error Directive #errorTrigraph Sequences Line below contains the trigraph sequence ??= When this line is compiled it becomes ??=line 5 myfile Scope and Precedence Using HP aC++ TemplatesInvoking Compile-Time Instantiation Template Processing Performance Explicit InstantiationUsage Template class Tablechar Function Template Command-Line Option InstantiationCompile-Time Instantiation ACC -c +instcompiletime a.C ACC -c a.C Possible Duplicate Symbols in Archive Libraries Why Use Compile-Time InstantiationPossible Duplicate Symbols in Shared Libraries Scope Building an Archive Library with +instauto/+instclose ++ Template TutorialClass Templates Building an Archive Library with Compile-time Instantiation Function Templates Bool Keyword Standardizing Your CodeHP aC++ Keywords HP aC++ Keywords Compile time error message is Dynamiccast Keyword Above generates a compile-time error Explicit Keyword Classic example of this problem is an array class Mutable Keyword Namespace and using Keywords Connections Across Translation Units An Auxiliary Translation Unit Using- declarations and using- directivesUsing Nx // Where N is a namespace, x is a name in N IntPage Class Base Virtual void f Must have a virtual function to Volatile Keyword Template Keyword Wchart KeywordTypename Keyword Use it as the name of the template C below Overloading new and delete for ArraysDeclare a class as a member of the class template C2 below Example Standard Exception Classes RangeerrorInvalidargument Typeinfo Class Exceptions Thrown by the Standard C++ LibraryFollowing exceptions are thrown by the Standard C++ Library Unsupported Functionality Int before const typeinfo& const Memfun1reft Memfunreft Iostream Requesting Optimization Setting Basic Optimization LevelsOptimizing HP aC++ Programs Level 1 Optimization Level 4 Optimization Additional Options for Finer ControlLevel 3 Optimization Enabling Aggressive Optimizations Enabling Only Conservative Optimizations Removing Compilation Time Limits When OptimizingProfile-Based Optimization Limiting the Size of Optimized Code Maintaining Profile Data Files InstrumentationCollecting Data for Profiling Sample.exe input.file1 Sample.exe input.file2 ACC -o sample.exe +Oprofile=use +O3 sample.C Pragmas That Control OptimizationPerforming Profile-Based Optimization See Optimization Pragmas page 103 for more information Exception Handling Exception Handling in C++ Basic Exception Handling Example Function Try Block Examples Debugging Exception Handling Performance Considerations Using ThreadsUsing Locks Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library 1.2.1 and Tools.h++ Required Command-line OptionsRogue Wave Standard C++ Library LpthreadThis option applies only to kernel threads Limitations Using -DTHREADSAFE with the cfront Compatible libstreamUsing -DHPACCTHREADSAFERBTREE Cout endl Exception Handling Pthreads Posix ThreadsACC -mt prog.c Function Scoping Parallel Programming Using OpenMPOpenMP Implementation OpenMP Library OpenMP Header FileOpenMP APIs are defined in the library libomp Openmp Macro +Onoopenmp Command Line OptionEnvironment Variables in OpenMP Where, kind is either of of static, dynamic, or guided Export OMPDYNAMIC=value Setenv Ompdynamic value Runtime Library Functions in OpenMPExecution Environment Functions Export OMPNESTED=value Setenv Ompnested value Ompgetmaxthreads OmpsetnumthreadsOmpgetnumthreads Ompgetthreadnum Ompgetdynamic Lock FunctionsOmpsetdynamic Ompsetnested Ompsetlock and ompsetnestlock Ompinitlock and ompinitnestlockOmpdestroylock and ompdestroynestlock Ompunsetlock and ompunsetnestlock Ompgetwtime Timing FunctionsOmptestlock and omptestnestlock Functions Ompgetwtick Tools and Libraries HP Specific Features of lex and yaccCreating and Using Libraries Locale directive for lex Standard C++ Library Introduction to Using the Standard C++ LibraryHP aC++ Libraries Introduction Differences between Standard C++ Library and Other Libraries Non-Object-Oriented Design of the Standard C++ Library Standard C++ Library Reference Incompatibilities Between the Library and the Standard HP aC++ Runtime Support Library ACC -DHPACCUSINGMULTIPLIESINFUNCTIONAL test.cTools.h++ Library IOStream Library Linking with Shared or Archive Libraries Creating and Using Shared LibrariesLinking to C++ Libraries Specifying Other Libraries Creating a Shared Library Using a Shared LibraryExample of Creating and Using a Shared Library Linking Archive or Shared Libraries Forcing the Export of Symbols in main Advanced Shared Library FeaturesUpdating a Shared Library Routines and Options to Manage C++ Shared Libraries Binding TimesSide Effects of C++ Shared Libraries Linker Options to Manage Shared Libraries Standard HP-UX Libraries and Header Files Allocation Policies for Containers For -AA Standard Library For a string type HP aC++ File Locations HP aC++ Executable Files Usr/lib/hpux##/libCsup.so HP aC++ Runtime Libraries and Header FilesUsr/lib/hpux##/libCsup11.so ISO C++11 standard compliant Calling Other Languages Mixing C++ with Other LanguagesData Compatibility between C and C++ Syntax of extern C Using the extern C Linkage SpecificationHP aC++ Calling HP C Examples of extern C Main Function Differences in Argument Passing ConventionsExamples HP aC++ Calling HP C Running the Example HP C Calling HP aC++Enter the nameJoann Joann has a balance To compile the example, run the following commands Compiling and Running the Sample Programs Function Naming Conventions Using Reference Variables to Pass ArgumentsCalling HP Fortran 90 from HP aC++ Example of Reference Variables as Arguments Arrays Using extern C LinkageStrings Files in Fortran Distributing Your C++ Products Applications that use HP aC++ Shared Libraries Linking Your HP aC++ Libraries with Other Languages Installing your ApplicationHP aC++ Files You May Distribute Terms for Distribution of HP aC++ Files Getting Started with Migration Migrating from HP C++ cfront to HP aC++General Guidelines for Migration CC +p cfrontfile.C Writing Code for both Compilers Command-Line DifferencesNew Command-Line Options Explicit Loading and Unloading of Shared Libraries Obsolete Command-Line Options Describes obsolete command-line options for HP aC++ Changed Command-Line Options Ptv Exception Handling is the Default Migration Considerations when DebuggingMigration Considerations when Using Exception Handling See Debugging Options page 35 for complete information Possible Differences when Exiting a Signal Handler Memory Allocation Failure and operator new Differences in setjmp/longjmp Behavior Calling unexpected Unreachable catch Clauses Throwing an Object having an Ambiguous Base Class Migration Considerations when Using Libraries Standards Based Libraries Manip3C++ iostream manipulators HP C++ cfront Compatibility LibrariesFstream3C++ iostream and streambuf specialized to files Man 3s filebuf HP C++ cfront Task Library Not Supported Migration Considerations Related to PreprocessingHP C++ cfront Complex Library Not Supported Replace #include with complex Changes in C++ Semantics Migration Considerations Related to StandardizationObsolete Preprocessor Options Implicit Typing of Character String Literals Overload Resolution Ambiguity of Subscripting Operator Execution Order of Static Constructors in Shared Libraries More Frequent Inlining of Inline Code Changes in C++ SyntaxExplicit int Declaration Equivalent, valid HP aC++ code follows For Statement, New Scoping RulesStruct as Template Type Parameter is Permitted WC,-ansiforscope,on Tokens after #endif This code compiles without error with HP aC++Base Template Class Reference Syntax Change Overload not a Keyword Static Member Definition Required Dangling Comma in enumDeclaring friend Classes Duplicate Formal Argument Names Using in Class DefinitionsIncorrect Syntax for Calls to operator new Ambiguous Function or Object Declaration Overloaded Operations ++ Reference Initialization Compiling this code HP aC++ generates the following error Using operator new to Allocate ArraysOn HP aC++, the following error is generated Parentheses in Static Member Initialization List Qualified-id Required in Static Member Initialization List Non-constant Reference Initialization Digraph White Space Separators Migration Considerations when Using TemplatesVerbose Template Processing Information CA a Common Template Migration Syntax Changes Converting Directed Mode to Explicit InstantiationCfront Implicit Include Convention Documentation feedback AC++ Message Catalog Diagnostic MessagesFrequently Encountered Messages Glossary Aggressive International Standard defines only synchronous exceptions See template Glossary Symbols Index Crootdir FLOATTRAPSON, 103 FREQUENTLYCALLED, 106 HDRSTOP, 107 Hidden Index