??=line 5 myfile | HP C/aC++ for PA-RISC Software instruction

??=line 5 "myfile"

When this line is compiled it becomes:

#line 5 "myfile”

Overview of the Preprocessor 131

Image 131

HP C/aC++ for PA-RISC Software manual ??=line 5 myfile, When this line is compiled it becomes

Contents

HP aC++/HP C A.06.28 Programmers Guide Page Contents +FP Contents Contents Contents Data Alignment Pragmas Pragma Directives and AttributesInitialization and Termination Pragmas Copyright Notice and Identification Pragmas Contents Preprocessing Directives 119 Standardizing Your Code 138 Using HP aC++ Templates 132 Exception Handling 161 Optimizing HP aC++ Programs 156 170 Tools and Libraries 175 Mixing C++ with Other Languages 188 Strings 194 Arrays Files in Fortran Distributing Your C++ Products 195Migrating from HP C++ cfront to HP aC++ 198 Glossary 223 Index 227 Documentation feedback 221 Diagnostic Messages 222 HP secure development lifecycle What’s in This Document About This DocumentIntended Audience This document uses the following conventions Typographical Conventions HP-UX 11i Releases Publishing HistoryRelated Documents HP-UX Release Name and Release Identifier Following is a list of documents available with this release HP Encourages Your Comments Other HP aC++ executable files are Getting Started with HP aC++Components of the Compilation System C89 C99 ecom Ctcom Debugging Programs Using the aCC CommandCompiling a Simple Program Executing the Program Examples of the aCC Command Compiler Command Syntax and Environmental Variables Preprocessed Source Files .i Files Files on the aCC Command LineAssembly Language Source Files .s Files ++ Source File .C file Library Files .a and .so Files Configuration Files .conf FilesEnvironment Variables Object Files .o Files Cclibdir Environment Variable ACCFULLPATHNAMES Environment VariableACCMAXERR Environment Variable Cxxopts Environment Variable ACC -L/mnt/proj/lib file.o ACC file.o Ccrootdir Environment Variable Export CCROOTDIR=/mnt/CXX2.1 Floating InstallationCxxmapfile Environment Variable Tmpdir Environment Variable HP aC++ Setting up Floating Installation Command-Line Options ILP32 Data Model and LP64 Data Model Options to Control Code GenerationACC -c sub.C prog.C ACC +DO11.22 +O3 app.C Compiling in Networked Environments Using +DS to Specify Instruction Scheduling Size and Alignment of HP Compiler Data Types Data Alignment and StorageACC -S prog.C ACC +u1 app.C Debugging OptionsFshort-enums +expandtypesindiag +macrodebug When to use -g, -g0, and -g1Differences Between -g, -g0, and -g1 Options G1 Algorithm Local +noobjdebug+pathtrace +pathtrace=kind ACC +p file.C Error HandlingNone +pathtrace=globallocal +Wcontextlimit +wn+Wargs +Wv +wperfadvice+We +Weargs +noeh Exception HandlingExtensions to the Language +wsecurity +Onocxlimitedrange +OnofenvaccessFloating-Point Processing Options +decfp FpevalFpevaldec Nofpwidetypes +Onopreservedfpregs +FPmode+Onolibmerrno +Oprefetchlatency Header File Options ACC -I include file.C Idirs -I- -Idirs +help Online Help Option +inlinelevel num Inlining Options Lname Library OptionsDynamic Exec +Onolibcalls= Linker OptionsMinshared +nostl +Onodynopt UsymbolUsymbol +Onodynopt +ildrelink Options for Naming the Output FileNative Language Support Option +ild ACC -z file.C Handling Null Pointers OptionsCode Optimizing Options Basic Optimization Level Options +O3 +O0+O1 +O2 +O4 Additional Optimization Options for Finer Control+O4 ACC +O3 prog.C +Onofailsafe Ipo+nonrv +Onoptrstoglobals=list Advanced +Ooptimization Options+Onoaggressive +Onolimit +Onofltacc +Onocrossregionaddressing+Onodatalayout +Onodataprefetch +Onoinitcheck +Ofrequentlycalled +Ointegeroverflow +Onoinline+Olit +Onoopenmp +Olevel+Onolooptransform +Onoloopunroll +Onoprocelim +opts+Onoparminit +Onoparmsoverlap +Oshortdata +Orarelycalled+Onosignedpointers +Ounrollfactor +OtypesafetyProfile-Based Optimization Options +Onostoreordering Annotate=structs Parallel Processing OptionsInformation Embedding Options Displaying Optimization Information Required if -DPOSIXCSOURCEis used Option Matrix for -mt +tls=staticdynamic +Onoautopar +Ofast Performance Options+wlock Fast +DSmodel +Ofaster+Onotlscallschangetp +nosrcpos +uc Porting Options+sb +ub This warning can be suppressed by adding an extra cast +w64bit+wdriver +wendian Redirecting Output From This Option Preprocessor OptionsDname Examples Maked+Maked +maked +profilebucketsize Profiling Code OptionsUname +check=none Runtime Checking Options+check +check=all Compiling with +check=boundspointer +check=boundsarray +check=boundspointer Check off by any number out-of-bounds access Check off by one out-of-bounds access +check=lock +check=globals +check=malloc +check=thread +check=stackframevariablesnone +check=truncateimplicit +check=truncateexplicitimplicit+check=uninit Ch = intval & 0xff +check=truncateexplicit Aarm Standards Related OptionsAarm Agcc AC89AC99 Ag++ +legacyv5 AOa and -AOe+legacycpp +stl=rwnone +std=c89c99c++98c++11gccg++gnu +tru64 +tru64Wc,-ansiforscope,onoff Wc,-koeniglookup,onoff Tx,name Subprocesses of the CompilerTx,name More Examples of -t Wx,args Passing Options to the Linker with -W Symbol Binding OptionsBdefault Bextern Bprotecteddata BhiddenBhiddendef Bprotected Template Options +instincludesuffixes Trigraph Processing Suppression Option Verbose Compile and Link Information Process Compiler 94/u 65/s 35/r 37/u 76/s 02/r ACC myfile.C -v -g1 ACC myfile.C -vg1 ACC -vg1 myfile.C Concatenating OptionsACC -V app.C Initialization and Termination Pragmas Pragma Directives and Attributes Copyright Notice and Identification Pragmas #pragma align N Data Alignment Pragmas#pragma Versionid string #pragma Versionid Software Product, Version 12345.A.01.05 Data Alignment Pragmas Template Example Basic Example Handling Unaligned Data Implicit Access to Unaligned Data Interaction between pack and unalign pragmas is as follows #pragma unalign Typedef T1 T2 Floattrapson Pragma Optimization PragmasOptlevel Pragma Optimize Pragma Noinline Pragma Other Pragmas Diagnostic Pragmas Extern Pragma Defaultbinding PragmaBinding Pragma Estimatedfrequency Pragma Hpdefinedinternal Pragma Hdrstop PragmaHidden Pragma Hpdefinedexternal Pragma Ptrsstronglytyped Pragma POP PragmaPragma once Protected Pragma Stdc Fpcontract Pragma #pragma Stdc FLOATCONSTDECIMAL64 on OFF DefaultStdc Cxlimitedrange Pragma Stdc FLOATCONSTDECIMAL64 Pragma OMP Atomic Pragma Stdc Fenvaccess PragmaUnrollfactor Pragma OMP Flush Pragma OMP Barrier PragmaOMP Critical Pragma OMP for Pragma OMP Parallel for Pragma OMP Master PragmaOMP Ordered Pragma OMP Parallel Pragma OMP Task Pragma OMP Parallel Sections PragmaOMP Sections Pragma OMP Single Pragma OpenMP Clauses Copyin DefaultCopyprivate Shared Attributes Attribute noreturn Attribute nonexposingAttribute noreturn Attribute nonexposing Attribute warnunusedresult Attribute formatAttribute visibility Usage Guidelines Preprocessing DirectivesOverview of the Preprocessor Syntax Assertions #assert, #unassert Source File Inclusion #include, #includenextSyntax Description Macros with Parameters Macro Replacement #define, #undef#define mac very very long\ Replacement string Examples Following illustrates the ## operator Specifying String Literals with the # OperatorConcatenating Tokens with the ## Operator Example #define Arraysize 1000float xARRAYSIZE Using Macros to Define ConstantsOther Macros Var1 is Using Constants and Inline Functions Instead of Macros Predefined Macros Assertions #assert, #unassert Code that compiles if the expression evaluates to zero Conditional Compilation #if, #ifdef, .. #endifHP aC++ predefines the following predicates Using the #else Directive Using the defined OperatorUsing the #if Directive Using the #ifdef and #ifndef Directives #line 5 myfile Line Control #lineExample See page 96 for more information on pragmas This macro enables the following non-standard featuresIostream Performance Improvement Pragma Pragma Directive #pragma and Pragma Operator Line below contains the trigraph sequence ??= Error Directive #errorTrigraph Sequences Examples ??=line 5 myfile When this line is compiled it becomes Template Processing Using HP aC++ TemplatesInvoking Compile-Time Instantiation Scope and Precedence Template class Tablechar Explicit InstantiationUsage Performance ACC -c +instcompiletime a.C ACC -c a.C Command-Line Option InstantiationCompile-Time Instantiation Function Template Scope Why Use Compile-Time InstantiationPossible Duplicate Symbols in Shared Libraries Possible Duplicate Symbols in Archive Libraries Building an Archive Library with Compile-time Instantiation ++ Template TutorialClass Templates Building an Archive Library with +instauto/+instclose Function Templates HP aC++ Keywords Standardizing Your CodeHP aC++ Keywords Bool Keyword Dynamiccast Keyword Compile time error message is Above generates a compile-time error Explicit Keyword Classic example of this problem is an array class Mutable Keyword Connections Across Translation Units Namespace and using Keywords Int Using- declarations and using- directivesUsing Nx // Where N is a namespace, x is a name in N An Auxiliary Translation UnitPage Class Base Virtual void f Must have a virtual function to Volatile Keyword Typename Keyword Wchart KeywordTemplate Keyword Declare a class as a member of the class template C2 below Overloading new and delete for ArraysUse it as the name of the template C below Example Invalidargument RangeerrorStandard Exception Classes Following exceptions are thrown by the Standard C++ Library Exceptions Thrown by the Standard C++ LibraryTypeinfo Class Int before const typeinfo& const Unsupported Functionality Memfun1reft Memfunreft Iostream Level 1 Optimization Setting Basic Optimization LevelsOptimizing HP aC++ Programs Requesting Optimization Enabling Aggressive Optimizations Additional Options for Finer ControlLevel 3 Optimization Level 4 Optimization Limiting the Size of Optimized Code Removing Compilation Time Limits When OptimizingProfile-Based Optimization Enabling Only Conservative Optimizations Sample.exe input.file1 Sample.exe input.file2 InstrumentationCollecting Data for Profiling Maintaining Profile Data Files See Optimization Pragmas page 103 for more information Pragmas That Control OptimizationPerforming Profile-Based Optimization ACC -o sample.exe +Oprofile=use +O3 sample.C Exception Handling in C++ Exception Handling Function Try Block Examples Basic Exception Handling Example Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library Using ThreadsUsing Locks Debugging Exception Handling Performance Considerations LpthreadThis option applies only to kernel threads Required Command-line OptionsRogue Wave Standard C++ Library Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library 1.2.1 and Tools.h++ Cout endl Using -DTHREADSAFE with the cfront Compatible libstreamUsing -DHPACCTHREADSAFERBTREE Limitations ACC -mt prog.c Pthreads Posix ThreadsException Handling OpenMP Implementation Parallel Programming Using OpenMPFunction Scoping OpenMP APIs are defined in the library libomp OpenMP Header FileOpenMP Library Where, kind is either of of static, dynamic, or guided +Onoopenmp Command Line OptionEnvironment Variables in OpenMP Openmp Macro Export OMPNESTED=value Setenv Ompnested value Runtime Library Functions in OpenMPExecution Environment Functions Export OMPDYNAMIC=value Setenv Ompdynamic value Ompgetthreadnum OmpsetnumthreadsOmpgetnumthreads Ompgetmaxthreads Ompsetnested Lock FunctionsOmpsetdynamic Ompgetdynamic Ompunsetlock and ompunsetnestlock Ompinitlock and ompinitnestlockOmpdestroylock and ompdestroynestlock Ompsetlock and ompsetnestlock Ompgetwtick Timing FunctionsOmptestlock and omptestnestlock Functions Ompgetwtime Locale directive for lex HP Specific Features of lex and yaccCreating and Using Libraries Tools and Libraries Introduction Introduction to Using the Standard C++ LibraryHP aC++ Libraries Standard C++ Library Non-Object-Oriented Design of the Standard C++ Library Differences between Standard C++ Library and Other Libraries Incompatibilities Between the Library and the Standard Standard C++ Library Reference IOStream Library ACC -DHPACCUSINGMULTIPLIESINFUNCTIONAL test.cTools.h++ Library HP aC++ Runtime Support Library Specifying Other Libraries Creating and Using Shared LibrariesLinking to C++ Libraries Linking with Shared or Archive Libraries Linking Archive or Shared Libraries Using a Shared LibraryExample of Creating and Using a Shared Library Creating a Shared Library Updating a Shared Library Advanced Shared Library FeaturesForcing the Export of Symbols in main Linker Options to Manage Shared Libraries Binding TimesSide Effects of C++ Shared Libraries Routines and Options to Manage C++ Shared Libraries Allocation Policies for Containers Standard HP-UX Libraries and Header Files For a string type For -AA Standard Library HP aC++ Executable Files HP aC++ File Locations Usr/lib/hpux##/libCsup11.so ISO C++11 standard compliant HP aC++ Runtime Libraries and Header FilesUsr/lib/hpux##/libCsup.so Data Compatibility between C and C++ Mixing C++ with Other LanguagesCalling Other Languages Examples of extern C Using the extern C Linkage SpecificationHP aC++ Calling HP C Syntax of extern C Examples HP aC++ Calling HP C Differences in Argument Passing ConventionsMain Function Enter the nameJoann Joann has a balance HP C Calling HP aC++Running the Example Compiling and Running the Sample Programs To compile the example, run the following commands Example of Reference Variables as Arguments Using Reference Variables to Pass ArgumentsCalling HP Fortran 90 from HP aC++ Function Naming Conventions Files in Fortran Using extern C LinkageStrings Arrays Applications that use HP aC++ Shared Libraries Distributing Your C++ Products HP aC++ Files You May Distribute Installing your ApplicationLinking Your HP aC++ Libraries with Other Languages Terms for Distribution of HP aC++ Files CC +p cfrontfile.C Migrating from HP C++ cfront to HP aC++General Guidelines for Migration Getting Started with Migration Explicit Loading and Unloading of Shared Libraries Command-Line DifferencesNew Command-Line Options Writing Code for both Compilers Describes obsolete command-line options for HP aC++ Obsolete Command-Line Options Ptv Changed Command-Line Options See Debugging Options page 35 for complete information Migration Considerations when DebuggingMigration Considerations when Using Exception Handling Exception Handling is the Default Memory Allocation Failure and operator new Possible Differences when Exiting a Signal Handler Calling unexpected Differences in setjmp/longjmp Behavior Throwing an Object having an Ambiguous Base Class Unreachable catch Clauses Standards Based Libraries Migration Considerations when Using Libraries Man 3s filebuf HP C++ cfront Compatibility LibrariesFstream3C++ iostream and streambuf specialized to files Manip3C++ iostream manipulators Replace #include with complex Migration Considerations Related to PreprocessingHP C++ cfront Complex Library Not Supported HP C++ cfront Task Library Not Supported Implicit Typing of Character String Literals Migration Considerations Related to StandardizationObsolete Preprocessor Options Changes in C++ Semantics Execution Order of Static Constructors in Shared Libraries Overload Resolution Ambiguity of Subscripting Operator Explicit int Declaration Changes in C++ SyntaxMore Frequent Inlining of Inline Code WC,-ansiforscope,on For Statement, New Scoping RulesStruct as Template Type Parameter is Permitted Equivalent, valid HP aC++ code follows Overload not a Keyword This code compiles without error with HP aC++Base Template Class Reference Syntax Change Tokens after #endif Declaring friend Classes Dangling Comma in enumStatic Member Definition Required Ambiguous Function or Object Declaration Using in Class DefinitionsIncorrect Syntax for Calls to operator new Duplicate Formal Argument Names Reference Initialization Overloaded Operations ++ Parentheses in Static Member Initialization List Using operator new to Allocate ArraysOn HP aC++, the following error is generated Compiling this code HP aC++ generates the following error Non-constant Reference Initialization Qualified-id Required in Static Member Initialization List CA a Migration Considerations when Using TemplatesVerbose Template Processing Information Digraph White Space Separators Cfront Implicit Include Convention Converting Directed Mode to Explicit InstantiationCommon Template Migration Syntax Changes Documentation feedback Frequently Encountered Messages Diagnostic MessagesAC++ Message Catalog Aggressive Glossary International Standard defines only synchronous exceptions See template Glossary Index Symbols Crootdir FLOATTRAPSON, 103 FREQUENTLYCALLED, 106 HDRSTOP, 107 Hidden Index