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HP C/aC++ for PA-RISC Software manual Documentation feedback

Contents

HP aC++/HP C A.06.28 Programmers Guide Page Contents +FP Contents Contents Contents Initialization and Termination Pragmas Pragma Directives and AttributesCopyright Notice and Identification Pragmas Data Alignment Pragmas Contents Preprocessing Directives 119 Standardizing Your Code 138 Using HP aC++ Templates 132 Exception Handling 161 Optimizing HP aC++ Programs 156 170 Tools and Libraries 175 Mixing C++ with Other Languages 188 Strings 194 Arrays Files in Fortran Distributing Your C++ Products 195Migrating from HP C++ cfront to HP aC++ 198 Glossary 223 Index 227 Documentation feedback 221 Diagnostic Messages 222 HP secure development lifecycle What’s in This Document About This DocumentIntended Audience This document uses the following conventions Typographical Conventions Related Documents Publishing HistoryHP-UX Release Name and Release Identifier HP-UX 11i Releases Following is a list of documents available with this release HP Encourages Your Comments Components of the Compilation System Getting Started with HP aC++C89 C99 ecom Ctcom Other HP aC++ executable files are Compiling a Simple Program Using the aCC CommandExecuting the Program Debugging Programs Examples of the aCC Command Compiler Command Syntax and Environmental Variables Assembly Language Source Files .s Files Files on the aCC Command Line++ Source File .C file Preprocessed Source Files .i Files Environment Variables Configuration Files .conf FilesObject Files .o Files Library Files .a and .so Files ACCMAXERR Environment Variable ACCFULLPATHNAMES Environment VariableCxxopts Environment Variable Cclibdir Environment Variable ACC -L/mnt/proj/lib file.o ACC file.o Ccrootdir Environment Variable Cxxmapfile Environment Variable Floating InstallationTmpdir Environment Variable Export CCROOTDIR=/mnt/CXX2.1 HP aC++ Setting up Floating Installation Command-Line Options ACC -c sub.C prog.C Options to Control Code GenerationACC +DO11.22 +O3 app.C ILP32 Data Model and LP64 Data Model Compiling in Networked Environments Using +DS to Specify Instruction Scheduling Size and Alignment of HP Compiler Data Types Data Alignment and StorageACC -S prog.C Fshort-enums Debugging Options+expandtypesindiag ACC +u1 app.C Differences Between -g, -g0, and -g1 Options When to use -g, -g0, and -g1G1 Algorithm +macrodebug +pathtrace +noobjdebug+pathtrace=kind Local None Error Handling+pathtrace=globallocal ACC +p file.C +Wcontextlimit +wn+Wargs +We +wperfadvice+Weargs +Wv Extensions to the Language Exception Handling+wsecurity +noeh +Onocxlimitedrange +OnofenvaccessFloating-Point Processing Options Fpevaldec FpevalNofpwidetypes +decfp +Onolibmerrno +FPmode+Oprefetchlatency +Onopreservedfpregs Header File Options ACC -I include file.C Idirs -I- -Idirs +help Online Help Option +inlinelevel num Inlining Options Dynamic Library OptionsExec Lname Minshared Linker Options+nostl +Onolibcalls= Usymbol Usymbol+Onodynopt +Onodynopt Native Language Support Option Options for Naming the Output File+ild +ildrelink Code Optimizing Options Handling Null Pointers OptionsBasic Optimization Level Options ACC -z file.C +O1 +O0+O2 +O3 +O4 Additional Optimization Options for Finer ControlACC +O3 prog.C +O4 +Onofailsafe Ipo+nonrv +Onoaggressive Advanced +Ooptimization Options+Onolimit +Onoptrstoglobals=list +Onodatalayout +Onocrossregionaddressing+Onodataprefetch +Onofltacc +Onoinitcheck +Ofrequentlycalled +Ointegeroverflow +Onoinline+Olit +Onolooptransform +Olevel+Onoloopunroll +Onoopenmp +Onoparminit +opts+Onoparmsoverlap +Onoprocelim +Oshortdata +Orarelycalled+Onosignedpointers Profile-Based Optimization Options +Otypesafety+Onostoreordering +Ounrollfactor Information Embedding Options Parallel Processing OptionsDisplaying Optimization Information Annotate=structs Required if -DPOSIXCSOURCEis used Option Matrix for -mt +tls=staticdynamic +Onoautopar +wlock Performance OptionsFast +Ofast +Onotlscallschangetp +Ofaster+nosrcpos +DSmodel +sb Porting Options+ub +uc +wdriver +w64bit+wendian This warning can be suppressed by adding an extra cast Redirecting Output From This Option Preprocessor OptionsDname +Maked Maked+maked Examples +profilebucketsize Profiling Code OptionsUname +check Runtime Checking Options+check=all +check=none Compiling with +check=boundspointer +check=boundsarray +check=boundspointer Check off by any number out-of-bounds access Check off by one out-of-bounds access +check=lock +check=globals +check=malloc +check=thread +check=stackframevariablesnone +check=uninit +check=truncateexplicitimplicitCh = intval & 0xff +check=truncateexplicit +check=truncateimplicit Aarm Standards Related OptionsAarm AC99 AC89Ag++ Agcc +legacyv5 AOa and -AOe+legacycpp +stl=rwnone +std=c89c99c++98c++11gccg++gnu Wc,-ansiforscope,onoff +tru64Wc,-koeniglookup,onoff +tru64 Tx,name Subprocesses of the CompilerMore Examples of -t Tx,name Wx,args Bdefault Symbol Binding OptionsBextern Passing Options to the Linker with -W Bhiddendef BhiddenBprotected Bprotecteddata Template Options +instincludesuffixes Trigraph Processing Suppression Option Verbose Compile and Link Information Process Compiler 94/u 65/s 35/r 37/u 76/s 02/r ACC myfile.C -v -g1 ACC myfile.C -vg1 ACC -vg1 myfile.C Concatenating OptionsACC -V app.C Initialization and Termination Pragmas Pragma Directives and Attributes Copyright Notice and Identification Pragmas #pragma Versionid string Data Alignment Pragmas#pragma Versionid Software Product, Version 12345.A.01.05 #pragma align N Data Alignment Pragmas Template Example Basic Example Handling Unaligned Data Implicit Access to Unaligned Data Interaction between pack and unalign pragmas is as follows #pragma unalign Typedef T1 T2 Optlevel Pragma Optimization PragmasOptimize Pragma Floattrapson Pragma Noinline Pragma Other Pragmas Diagnostic Pragmas Binding Pragma Defaultbinding PragmaEstimatedfrequency Pragma Extern Pragma Hidden Pragma Hdrstop PragmaHpdefinedexternal Pragma Hpdefinedinternal Pragma Pragma once POP PragmaProtected Pragma Ptrsstronglytyped Pragma Stdc Cxlimitedrange Pragma #pragma Stdc FLOATCONSTDECIMAL64 on OFF DefaultStdc FLOATCONSTDECIMAL64 Pragma Stdc Fpcontract Pragma OMP Atomic Pragma Stdc Fenvaccess PragmaUnrollfactor Pragma OMP Critical Pragma OMP Barrier PragmaOMP for Pragma OMP Flush Pragma OMP Ordered Pragma OMP Master PragmaOMP Parallel Pragma OMP Parallel for Pragma OMP Sections Pragma OMP Parallel Sections PragmaOMP Single Pragma OMP Task Pragma OpenMP Clauses Copyprivate DefaultShared Copyin Attributes Attribute noreturn Attribute nonexposingAttribute nonexposing Attribute noreturn Attribute warnunusedresult Attribute formatAttribute visibility Overview of the Preprocessor Preprocessing DirectivesSyntax Usage Guidelines Syntax Source File Inclusion #include, #includenextDescription Assertions #assert, #unassert #define mac very very long\ Replacement string Macro Replacement #define, #undefExamples Macros with Parameters Concatenating Tokens with the ## Operator Specifying String Literals with the # OperatorExample Following illustrates the ## operator Other Macros Using Macros to Define ConstantsVar1 is #define Arraysize 1000float xARRAYSIZE Using Constants and Inline Functions Instead of Macros Predefined Macros Assertions #assert, #unassert Code that compiles if the expression evaluates to zero Conditional Compilation #if, #ifdef, .. #endifHP aC++ predefines the following predicates Using the #if Directive Using the defined OperatorUsing the #ifdef and #ifndef Directives Using the #else Directive #line 5 myfile Line Control #lineExample Iostream Performance Improvement Pragma This macro enables the following non-standard featuresPragma Directive #pragma and Pragma Operator See page 96 for more information on pragmas Trigraph Sequences Error Directive #errorExamples Line below contains the trigraph sequence ??= ??=line 5 myfile When this line is compiled it becomes Invoking Compile-Time Instantiation Using HP aC++ TemplatesScope and Precedence Template Processing Usage Explicit InstantiationPerformance Template class Tablechar Compile-Time Instantiation Command-Line Option InstantiationFunction Template ACC -c +instcompiletime a.C ACC -c a.C Possible Duplicate Symbols in Shared Libraries Why Use Compile-Time InstantiationPossible Duplicate Symbols in Archive Libraries Scope Class Templates ++ Template TutorialBuilding an Archive Library with +instauto/+instclose Building an Archive Library with Compile-time Instantiation Function Templates HP aC++ Keywords Standardizing Your CodeBool Keyword HP aC++ Keywords Dynamiccast Keyword Compile time error message is Above generates a compile-time error Explicit Keyword Classic example of this problem is an array class Mutable Keyword Connections Across Translation Units Namespace and using Keywords Using Nx // Where N is a namespace, x is a name in N Using- declarations and using- directivesAn Auxiliary Translation Unit IntPage Class Base Virtual void f Must have a virtual function to Volatile Keyword Typename Keyword Wchart KeywordTemplate Keyword Declare a class as a member of the class template C2 below Overloading new and delete for ArraysUse it as the name of the template C below Example Invalidargument RangeerrorStandard Exception Classes Following exceptions are thrown by the Standard C++ Library Exceptions Thrown by the Standard C++ LibraryTypeinfo Class Int before const typeinfo& const Unsupported Functionality Memfun1reft Memfunreft Iostream Optimizing HP aC++ Programs Setting Basic Optimization LevelsRequesting Optimization Level 1 Optimization Level 3 Optimization Additional Options for Finer ControlLevel 4 Optimization Enabling Aggressive Optimizations Profile-Based Optimization Removing Compilation Time Limits When OptimizingEnabling Only Conservative Optimizations Limiting the Size of Optimized Code Collecting Data for Profiling InstrumentationMaintaining Profile Data Files Sample.exe input.file1 Sample.exe input.file2 Performing Profile-Based Optimization Pragmas That Control OptimizationACC -o sample.exe +Oprofile=use +O3 sample.C See Optimization Pragmas page 103 for more information Exception Handling in C++ Exception Handling Function Try Block Examples Basic Exception Handling Example Using Locks Using ThreadsDebugging Exception Handling Performance Considerations Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library Rogue Wave Standard C++ Library Required Command-line OptionsRogue Wave Standard C++ Library 1.2.1 and Tools.h++ LpthreadThis option applies only to kernel threads Using -DHPACCTHREADSAFERBTREE Using -DTHREADSAFE with the cfront Compatible libstreamLimitations Cout endl ACC -mt prog.c Pthreads Posix ThreadsException Handling OpenMP Implementation Parallel Programming Using OpenMPFunction Scoping OpenMP APIs are defined in the library libomp OpenMP Header FileOpenMP Library Environment Variables in OpenMP +Onoopenmp Command Line OptionOpenmp Macro Where, kind is either of of static, dynamic, or guided Execution Environment Functions Runtime Library Functions in OpenMPExport OMPDYNAMIC=value Setenv Ompdynamic value Export OMPNESTED=value Setenv Ompnested value Ompgetnumthreads OmpsetnumthreadsOmpgetmaxthreads Ompgetthreadnum Ompsetdynamic Lock FunctionsOmpgetdynamic Ompsetnested Ompdestroylock and ompdestroynestlock Ompinitlock and ompinitnestlockOmpsetlock and ompsetnestlock Ompunsetlock and ompunsetnestlock Omptestlock and omptestnestlock Functions Timing FunctionsOmpgetwtime Ompgetwtick Creating and Using Libraries HP Specific Features of lex and yaccTools and Libraries Locale directive for lex HP aC++ Libraries Introduction to Using the Standard C++ LibraryStandard C++ Library Introduction Non-Object-Oriented Design of the Standard C++ Library Differences between Standard C++ Library and Other Libraries Incompatibilities Between the Library and the Standard Standard C++ Library Reference Tools.h++ Library ACC -DHPACCUSINGMULTIPLIESINFUNCTIONAL test.cHP aC++ Runtime Support Library IOStream Library Linking to C++ Libraries Creating and Using Shared LibrariesLinking with Shared or Archive Libraries Specifying Other Libraries Example of Creating and Using a Shared Library Using a Shared LibraryCreating a Shared Library Linking Archive or Shared Libraries Updating a Shared Library Advanced Shared Library FeaturesForcing the Export of Symbols in main Side Effects of C++ Shared Libraries Binding TimesRoutines and Options to Manage C++ Shared Libraries Linker Options to Manage Shared Libraries Allocation Policies for Containers Standard HP-UX Libraries and Header Files For a string type For -AA Standard Library HP aC++ Executable Files HP aC++ File Locations Usr/lib/hpux##/libCsup11.so ISO C++11 standard compliant HP aC++ Runtime Libraries and Header FilesUsr/lib/hpux##/libCsup.so Data Compatibility between C and C++ Mixing C++ with Other LanguagesCalling Other Languages HP aC++ Calling HP C Using the extern C Linkage SpecificationSyntax of extern C Examples of extern C Examples HP aC++ Calling HP C Differences in Argument Passing ConventionsMain Function Enter the nameJoann Joann has a balance HP C Calling HP aC++Running the Example Compiling and Running the Sample Programs To compile the example, run the following commands Calling HP Fortran 90 from HP aC++ Using Reference Variables to Pass ArgumentsFunction Naming Conventions Example of Reference Variables as Arguments Strings Using extern C LinkageArrays Files in Fortran Applications that use HP aC++ Shared Libraries Distributing Your C++ Products HP aC++ Files You May Distribute Installing your ApplicationLinking Your HP aC++ Libraries with Other Languages Terms for Distribution of HP aC++ Files General Guidelines for Migration Migrating from HP C++ cfront to HP aC++Getting Started with Migration CC +p cfrontfile.C New Command-Line Options Command-Line DifferencesWriting Code for both Compilers Explicit Loading and Unloading of Shared Libraries Describes obsolete command-line options for HP aC++ Obsolete Command-Line Options Ptv Changed Command-Line Options Migration Considerations when Using Exception Handling Migration Considerations when DebuggingException Handling is the Default See Debugging Options page 35 for complete information Memory Allocation Failure and operator new Possible Differences when Exiting a Signal Handler Calling unexpected Differences in setjmp/longjmp Behavior Throwing an Object having an Ambiguous Base Class Unreachable catch Clauses Standards Based Libraries Migration Considerations when Using Libraries Fstream3C++ iostream and streambuf specialized to files HP C++ cfront Compatibility LibrariesManip3C++ iostream manipulators Man 3s filebuf HP C++ cfront Complex Library Not Supported Migration Considerations Related to PreprocessingHP C++ cfront Task Library Not Supported Replace #include with complex Obsolete Preprocessor Options Migration Considerations Related to StandardizationChanges in C++ Semantics Implicit Typing of Character String Literals Execution Order of Static Constructors in Shared Libraries Overload Resolution Ambiguity of Subscripting Operator Explicit int Declaration Changes in C++ SyntaxMore Frequent Inlining of Inline Code Struct as Template Type Parameter is Permitted For Statement, New Scoping RulesEquivalent, valid HP aC++ code follows WC,-ansiforscope,on Base Template Class Reference Syntax Change This code compiles without error with HP aC++Tokens after #endif Overload not a Keyword Declaring friend Classes Dangling Comma in enumStatic Member Definition Required Incorrect Syntax for Calls to operator new Using in Class DefinitionsDuplicate Formal Argument Names Ambiguous Function or Object Declaration Reference Initialization Overloaded Operations ++ On HP aC++, the following error is generated Using operator new to Allocate ArraysCompiling this code HP aC++ generates the following error Parentheses in Static Member Initialization List Non-constant Reference Initialization Qualified-id Required in Static Member Initialization List Verbose Template Processing Information Migration Considerations when Using TemplatesDigraph White Space Separators CA a Cfront Implicit Include Convention Converting Directed Mode to Explicit InstantiationCommon Template Migration Syntax Changes Documentation feedback Frequently Encountered Messages Diagnostic MessagesAC++ Message Catalog Aggressive Glossary International Standard defines only synchronous exceptions See template Glossary Index Symbols Crootdir FLOATTRAPSON, 103 FREQUENTLYCALLED, 106 HDRSTOP, 107 Hidden Index