A-14Appendix

TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol - An open network standard that defines how devices from different manufacturers communicate with each other over one or more interconnected networks. TCP/IP protocols are the foundation of the Internet, a worldwide network of networks connecting businesses, governments, researchers, and educators. TCP provides a connection-oriented transport layer ensuring end-to-end reliability in data transmission. IP provides for network layer connectivity using connectionless datagrams.

TFTP

Trivial File Transfer Protocol - A protocol used to transfer files between IP nodes. TFTP is often used to transfer firmware and configuration information from a UNIX computer acting as a TFTP server to an IP networking device.

TELNET

Internet standard protocol for remote terminal emulation that allows a user to remotely log in to another device and appear as if directly connected.

Transparent Bridging

Bridging technique used in Ethernet networks which allows transfer of frames across intermediate nodes using tables associating end nodes with bridging addresses. Bridges are unknown to the end nodes.

VCI

Virtual Channel Identifier - Number that identifies a channel within a virtual path in a xDSL/ATM environment.

Virtual Channel

Refers to a logical connection between end stations in a xDSL/ATM environment

Virtual Path

Refers to a bundle of virtual channels in a xDSL/ATM environment.

VPI

Virtual Path Identifier - Number that identifies the link formed by the virtual path in a xDSL/ATM environment.

UDP

User Datagram Protocol - A TCP/IP protocol describing how packets reach applications in destination nodes.

Wall jack

A small hardware component used to tap into telephone wall cable.

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IBM Heritage user manual Transparent Bridging, Virtual Channel, Virtual Path, Wall jack

Heritage specifications

IBM, or International Business Machines Corporation, is a global leader in technology and consulting, with a heritage that spans over a century. Established in 1911, IBM initially emerged from a merger of four companies, and it has since evolved into one of the most influential players in the tech industry.

One of the main features of IBM’s legacy is its commitment to innovation. The company has a long history of technological breakthroughs, including the development of the first programmable computer, the IBM 701, in the early 1950s. IBM has also been at the forefront of many pivotal technologies, including mainframe computers, which became central to large-scale enterprise computing. The System/360, introduced in 1964, revolutionized the industry by offering a compatible range of computers that could run the same software, a concept that helped define the standardization of computer systems.

IBM’s contributions to artificial intelligence, particularly through its Watson platform, are another hallmark of its heritage. Watson gained international fame for its success on the quiz show Jeopardy! in 2011, showcasing advanced natural language processing capabilities and machine learning techniques. This technology has since found applications in various fields, from healthcare to finance, significantly transforming data analysis.

Another key characteristic of IBM is its focus on research and development. With an impressive portfolio of patents, IBM consistently ranks among the top patent holders annually. Their research endeavors have led to significant advancements in quantum computing, with initiatives like the IBM Quantum Experience making quantum technologies accessible to developers and researchers.

Sustainability is also a priority for IBM, with programs aimed at promoting environmental responsibility. The company has committed to achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, reflecting the growing importance of sustainability in technology practices.

In summary, IBM's heritage is characterized by a strong legacy of innovation, technological leadership, and a commitment to addressing contemporary challenges in business and society. From pioneering mainframe systems to leading the charge in AI and quantum computing, IBM continues to shape the future of technology while maintaining a visionary outlook towards a sustainable and inclusive digital world.