Polaroid ST-8E, ST-9E, ST-7E manual Camera Hardware

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Section 4 - Camera Hardware

length is the focal length of the telescope or lens. Also remember that 1° = 3600 arcseconds.

Read Noise - The readout noise of a CCD camera affects the graininess of short exposure images. For example, a CCD camera with a readout noise of 30 electrons will give images of objects producing 100 photoelectrons (very dim!) with a Signal to Noise (S/N) of approximately 3 whereas a perfect camera with no readout noise would give a Signal to Noise of 10. Again, this is only important for short exposures or extremely dim objects. As the exposure is increased you rapidly get into a region where the signal to noise of the final image is due solely to the exposure interval. In the previous example increasing the exposure to 1000 photoelectrons results in a S/N of roughly 20 on the camera with 30 electrons readout noise and a S/N of 30 on the noiseless camera. It is also important to note that with the SBIG CCD cameras the noise due to the sky background will exceed the readout noise in 15 to 60 seconds on the typical amateur telescopes. Even the $30,000 priced CCD cameras with 10 electrons of readout noise will not produce a better image after a minute of exposure!

Full Well Capacity - The full well capacity of the CCD is the number of electrons each pixel can hold before it starts to loose charge or bleed into adjacent pixels. Larger pixels hold more electrons. This gives an indication of the dynamic range the camera is capable of when compared to the readout noise, but for most astronomers this figure of merit is not all that important. You will rarely takes images that fill the pixels to the maximum level except for stars in the field of view. Low level nebulosity will almost always be well below saturation. While integrating longer would cause more build up of charge, the signal to noise of images like these is proportional to the square-root of the total number of electrons. To get twice the signal to noise you would have to increase the exposure 4 times. An ST-5C with its relatively low full well capacity of 50,000e- could produce an image with a S/N in excess of 200!

Antiblooming - All the SBIG CCD cameras have antiblooming protection. The TI CCDs used in the ST-5C, ST-237 and ST-6 have it built into the CCDs and the Kodak CCDs used in the ST-7E and ST-8E have Antiblooming versions of the CCDs available. Blooming is a phenomenon that occurs when pixels fill up. As charge continues to be generated in a full pixel, it has to go somewhere. In CCDs without antiblooming protection the charge spills into neighboring pixels, causing bright streaks in the image. With the CCDs used in the SBIG cameras the excess charge can be drained off saturated pixels by applying clocking to the CCD during integration. This protection allows overexposures of 100-fold without blooming.

The ST-9E does not have antiblooming protection but the large pixels can hold a great deal of charge. It's not a limiting problem.

From the telescope's point of view, the different models offer differing fields of view for a given focal length, or turned around, to achieve the same field of view the different models require differing focal lengths. Tables 4.4 and 4.5 below compare the fields of view for the cameras at several focal lengths, and vice versa.

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Contents Operating Manual Page Table of Contents Technique Introduction Road Map of the DocumentationQuick Tour Ccdops for Windows or Macintosh Ccdops SoftwareCCD Camera Page Introduction to CCD Cameras Cameras in GeneralHow CCD Detectors Work Camera Hardware Architecture Full Frame and Frame Transfer CCDsCCD System Block Diagram Cooling CCD Special RequirementsDark Frames Double Correlated Sampling ReadoutPixels vs. Film Grains Flat Field ImagesGuiding Electronic Imaging Black and White vs. Color Page At the Telescope with a CCD Camera Step by Step with a CCD CameraAttaching the Camera to the Telescope Establishing a Communications Link Focusing the CCD CameraCamera Back Focus Taking an Image Finding and Centering the ObjectDisplaying the Image Processing the ImageCrosshairs Mode Photometry and Astrometry Advanced CapabilitiesSub-Frame Readout in Focus Autoguiding and Self Guiding Track and AccumulateColor Imaging Auto GrabAt the Telescope with a CCD Camera Connecting to the Computer Connecting the PowerConnecting the Relay Port to the Telescope Camera HardwareUsing Mechanical Relays Push to Make Switch Modification Joystick Modification Modular Family of CCD CamerasSystem Features 20.6x sizeum Focal length cm Camera Hardware Connecting the older model CFW-6 filter wheel to the Camera Battery Operation Page Lunar and Planetary Imaging Advanced Imaging TechniquesDeep Sky Imaging Terrestrial ImagingChanging the Camera Resolution Taking a Good Flat FieldBuilding a Library of Dark Frames Flat Fielding Track and Accumulate Images Tracking Functions Advanced Imaging Techniques Page Cooling Booster Accessories for your CCD CameraCamera Lens Adapters and Eyepiece Projection Tri-color ImagingFocal Reducers AO-7 and Lucy-Richardson SoftwareSGS Self-Guided Spectrograph Third Party Products and ServicesWindows Software Image Processing SoftwareSbig Technical Support Common Problems Common Problems Common Problems Page Glossary STV Glossary Glossary Appendix a Connector ad Cables Appendix a Connector PinoutsSbig Tracking Interface Cable TIC-78 Figure A1 CCD Connector for TIC Mating Appendix C Maintenance Cleaning the CCD and the WindowRegenerating the Desiccant Page Technique Appendix C Capturing a Good Flat FieldPage Index IBM PC Separations
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