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Internet. The collection of networks tied together to provide a global network that use the TCP/IP suite of protocols.

IP. Internet protocol. Network layer protocol in the TCP/IP stack that enables a connectionless internetwork service.

IP address. In IP version 4 (IPv4), a 32-bit address assigned to hosts using the IP protocol. Also called an Internet address.

IPsec. Internet Protocol Security Protocol. A set of protocols to support secure exchange of packets at the IP layer. IPsec has been deployed widely to implement Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). IPsec supports two encryption modes: Transport and Tunnel. For IPsec to work, the sending and receiving devices must share a public key.

Latency. Delay between a request being issued and its response being received.

Layer-4.A communications protocol (called the transport layer) responsible for establishing a connection and ensuring that all data has arrived safely. The application delivers its data to the communications system by passing a stream of data bytes to the transport layer along with the socket (the IP address of the station and a port number) of the destination machine.

MAPI. Messaging API. A programming interface from Microsoft that enables a client application to send and receive mail from Exchange Server or a Microsoft Mail (MS Mail) messaging system. Microsoft applications such as Outlook, the Exchange client, and Microsoft Schedule use MAPI.

Microsoft Exchange. Messaging and groupware software for Windows from Microsoft. The Exchange server is an Internet-compliant messaging system that runs under Windows systems and can be accessed by Web browsers, the Windows In-box, Exchange client or Outlook. The Exchange server is also a storage system that can hold anything that needs to be shared.

Netmask. A 32-bit mask which shows how an Internet address is divided into network, subnet, and host parts. The netmask has ones in the bit positions in the 32-bit address which are used for the network and subnet parts, and zeros for the host part. The mask must contain at least the standard network portion (as determined by the class of the address), and the subnet field should be contiguous with the network portion.

Neural Network. A modeling technique based on the observed behavior of biological neurons and used to mimic the performance of a system. It consists of a set of elements that start out connected in a random pattern, and, based upon operational feedback, are molded into the pattern required to generate the required results. It is used in applications such as robotics, diagnosing, forecasting, image processing and pattern recognition.

NFS. Network File System. The file sharing protocol in a UNIX network.

NIS. Network Information Services. A naming service that allows resources to be easily added, deleted or relocated.

OSPF. Open Shortest Path First. An interior gateway routing protocol developed for

IP networks based on the shortest path first or link-state algorithm. Routers use link-

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GLOSSARY