Apple 034-2351_Cvr Network Load Distribution aka Round Robin, Setting Up a Private TCP/IP Network

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Mac OS X’s Rendezvous feature allows you to use hostnames on your local subnet that end with the “.local” suffix without having to enable DNS. Any service or device that supports Rendezvous allows the use of user-defined namespace on your local subnet without setting up and configuring DNS.

Network Load Distribution (aka Round Robin)

BIND allows for simple load distribution using an address-shuffling method called round robin. You set up a pool of IP addresses for several hosts mirroring the same content, and BIND cycles the order of these addresses as it responds to queries. Round robin has no capability to monitor current server load or processing power. It simply cycles the order of an address list for a given host name.

You enable round robin by adding multiple address entries in your zone data file for a given host. For example, suppose you want to distribute web server traffic between three servers on your network that all mirror the same content. Suppose the servers have the IP addresses 192.168.12.12, 192.168.12.13, and 192.168.12.14. You would add these lines to the zone data file db.example.com:

www.example.com 60 IN A 192.168.12.12

www.example.com 60 IN A 192.168.12.13

www.example.com 60 IN A 192.168.12.14

When BIND encounters multiple entries for one host, its default behavior is to answer queries by sending out this list in a cycled order. The first request gets the addresses in the order A, B, C. The next request gets the order B, C, A, then C, A, B, and so on. Notice that the time-to-live(TTL) in the second column is set quite short to mitigate the effects of local caching.

Setting Up a Private TCP/IP Network

If you have a local area network that has a connection to the Internet, you must set up your server and client computers with IP addresses and other information that’s unique to the Internet. You obtain IP addresses from your Internet service provider (ISP).

If it’s unlikely that your local area network will ever be connected to the Internet and you want to use TCP/IP as the protocol for transmitting information on your network, it’s possible to set up a “private” TCP/IP network. When you set up a private network, you choose IP addresses from the blocks of IP addresses that the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) has reserved for private intranets:

•10.0.0.0–10.255.255.255 (10/8 prefix)

•172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255 (172.16/12 prefix)

•192.168.0.0–192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix)

Chapter 2 DNS Service

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Contents Mac OS X Server Network Services Administration 034-2351/9-20-03 Contents Glossary Index How to Use This Guide Using This GuideWhat’s Included in This Guide Setting Up Mac OS X Server for the First Time Getting Help for Everyday Management TasksGetting Additional Information Dhcp Service Before You Set Up Dhcp ServiceUsing Static IP Addresses Creating SubnetsAssigning IP Addresses Dynamically Locating the Dhcp ServerSetting Up Dhcp Service for the First Time Using Multiple Dhcp Servers on a NetworkInteracting With Other Dhcp Servers Assigning Reserved IP AddressesManaging Dhcp Service Starting and Stopping Dhcp ServiceCreating Subnets in Dhcp Service Set up logs for Dhcp serviceChanging Subnet Settings in Dhcp Service To change subnet settingsDeleting Subnets From Dhcp Service Setting the DNS Server for a Dhcp SubnetChanging IP Address Lease Times for a Subnet Setting Ldap Options for a Subnet Setting Wins Options for a SubnetTo set Ldap options for a subnet Monitoring Dhcp Service Disabling Subnets TemporarilyViewing the Dhcp Status Overview Setting the Log Detail Level for Dhcp Service Viewing Dhcp Log EntriesViewing the Dhcp Client List Where to Find More Information DNS Service Before You Set Up DNS Service Setting Up DNS Service for the First TimeSetting Up Multiple Name Servers DNS and BindLearn and plan Configure basic DNS settings Set up a mail exchange MX record optionalConfigure the reverse lookup zone optional Start DNS serviceManaging DNS Service Starting and Stopping DNS ServiceEnabling or Disabling Zone Transfers Enabling or Disabling RecursionManaging Zones Adding a Master ZoneAdding a Slave Zone To add a master zoneTo add a slave zone Adding a Forward Zone Duplicating a ZoneTo add a forward zone To duplicate a zoneManaging Records Modifying a ZoneDeleting a Zone To modify a zoneAdding a Record to a Zone To add a recordModifying a Record in a Zone Deleting a Record From a ZoneTo modify a record To delete a recordViewing DNS Service Status Viewing DNS Service ActivityMonitoring DNS Viewing DNS Log EntriesChanging DNS Log File Location Viewing DNS Usage StatisticsTo change the log detail level Securing the DNS Server DNS SpoofingServer Mining To see DNS usage statisticsDNS Service Profiling Denial-of-Service DoSTo specify zone transfer IP addresses To alter BIND’s version responseService Piggybacking Common Network Administration Tasks That Use DNS Service Setting Up MX RecordsExample.com Configuring DNS for Mail Service To enable MX recordsEnabling Redundant Mail Servers Edit the MX record of the primary mail serverSetting Up Namespace Behind a NAT Router To enable backup or redundant mail serversSetting Up a Private TCP/IP Network Network Load Distribution aka Round RobinConfiguring Bind Using the Command Line Hosting Several Internet Services With a Single IP AddressWhat Is BIND? Bind Configuration File Bind on Mac OS X ServerPractical Example Zone Data FilesSetting Up Sample Configuration Files To set up the sample filesConfiguring Clients Using DNS With Dynamically Assigned IP Addresses If you are using Mac OS X Server as your Dhcp ServerCheck Your Configuration For more information on DNS and BIND, see the following Request For Comment DocumentsPage IP Firewall Service IP Firewall Service What is a Filter? Understanding Firewall FiltersIP Address Subnet MaskCidr Using Address Ranges Rule Mechanism and PrecedenceMultiple IP Addresses Setting Up Firewall Service for the First Time Start firewall serviceCreate an IP address group that filters will apply to Add filters to the IP filter listManaging Firewall Service Starting and Stopping Firewall ServiceOpening the Firewall for Standard Services Save firewall service changesTo open the firewall for standard services Creating an Address GroupTo create an address group Editing or Deleting an Address Group Duplicating an Address GroupCreating an Advanced IP Filter for TCP ports To edit or delete an address groupCreating an Advanced IP Filter for UDP Ports To create an IP filter for TCP portsNFS To create an IP filter for UDP portsChanging the Default Filter To change the Default settingEditing Advanced IP Filters To edit advanced IP filtersMonitoring Firewall Service Setting Up Logs for Firewall ServiceViewing the Firewall Status Overview Viewing the Firewall LogViewing Denied Packets Viewing Packets Logged by Filter RulesLog Example To view denied packetsBlock Access to Internet Users Practical ExamplesBlock Junk Mail To do thisAllow a Customer to Access the Apple File Server Preventing Denial-of-Service DoS Attacks To prevent ping denial-of-service attacksControlling or Enabling Peer-to-Peer Network Usage Advanced Configuration Controlling or Enabling Network Game UsageBackground Precautions Creating IP Filter Rules Using ipfwReviewing IP Filter Rules Creating IP Filter RulesPort Reference Deleting IP Filter RulesPptp VPN UDP port Used for Reference For more information about ipfw NAT Service Starting and Stopping NAT ServiceTo start NAT service Configuring NAT Service Monitoring NAT ServiceTo configure NAT service Viewing the NAT Status OverviewTo view the NAT divert log For more information about natdPage VPN Service Authentication Method VPN and SecurityTransport Protocols Point to Point Tunneling Protocol PptpBefore You Set Up VPN Service Managing VPN ServiceStarting or Stopping VPN Service Enabling and Configuring L2TP Transport ProtocolEnabling and Configuring Pptp Transport Protocol To enable L2TPTo enable Pptp Configuring Additional Network Settings for VPN Clients Configuring VPN Network Routing DefinitionsTo configure addition network settings To set routing definitionsMonitoring VPN Service Setting the Log Detail Level for VPN ServiceSetting the VPN Log Archive Interval Viewing a VPN Status OverviewViewing the VPN Log Viewing VPN Client ConnectionsTo view the log To view client connectionsPage NTP Service How NTP WorksUsing NTP on Your Network Setting Up NTP ServiceTo set up NTP service Configuring NTP on Clients To configure NTP on clientsPage IPv6 Support IPv6 Enabled Services IPv6 Addresses in the Server AdminIPv6 Addresses NotationIPv6 Reserved Addresses IPv6 Addressing ModelIPv6 Address Types Where to Find More Information Glossary GlossaryGlossary Glossary Name server See DNS Domain Name System Search path See search policy UCE unsolicited commercial email See spam Glossary Page Index Dhcp VPN

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