Composition of Enclosure Materials

Paper

Paper should be made from rag, bleached sulfite or bleached kraft pulp with an alpha-cellulose content greater than 87%. It should be free from highly lignified fibres, such as ground wood, as determined by the phloroglucinol spot test.

For paper in direct contact with black-and-white photographic material, the pH should be between

7.5and 9.5. The pH should be close to 7.0 when in direct contact with color or diazo material. There should be an alkali reserve of at least 2% (m/m). The alkali reserve should be obtained by the incorporation of an alkaline earth carbonate. Neutral or alkaline-sizing chemicals should be employed and the material should be essentially free from particles of metal. Glassine envelopes should not be used.

Plastic

Suitable plastic enclosure materials are photographic film support materials such as uncoated polyester (polyethylene terephthalate) polypropylene and polyethylene. Chlorinated or nitrated sheeting should not be used and cellulose nitrate, in particular, should be avoided.

Metal

Metal enclosures should be noncorrosive materials such as anodized aluminum or stainless steel. The use of steel is permissible, provided that the surface is well protected by lacquer, enamel, tinning, plating, or some other corrosion- resistant finish. Lacquer, which might give off reactive fumes, peroxides, or exudations during storage should not be used.

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Adhesive

Some photographic images can be damaged by adhesives incorporating impurities such as sulfur, iron, copper, or other ingredients that might react with image silver or gelatin. Pressure- sensitive adhesives and ether-linked products should be avoided.

Rubber-based products such as rubber cement should not be used. Not only might they contain harmful solvents or plasticizers, but they might be compounded with photographically damaging sulfur, usually as a vulcanizer, accelerator, or stabilizer. Even some “low-desensitizing” or “sulfur-free” rubbers contain sulfur.

Photographic-quality gelatin and many polyvinyl acetate and cellulose ester adhesives are suitable for use with paper enclosures. Heat sealing and mechanical sealing should be used when possible.

Printing Inks

Printing inks are known to cause microscopic spots in fine-grain silver microfilm; consequently, there should be no printed matter on the inside of the filing enclosure. The ink used for imprinting the outside of filing enclosures should not bleed, spread, or transfer, and it should not be a source of products that attack the photograph or the enclosure itself.

For additional specifications, see ANSI/PIMA IT9.11-19985(ISO 18911) and ANSI/PIMA IT9.2-19916(ISO 18903).

Theft Protection

Safes provide good protection against the theft of valuable records. Where such records are large in number, vaults of burglar-proof construction may be required. Theft of important records involves double peril—that of classified films falling into unauthorized hands and the complete loss of valuable information. Protection against the latter can, of course, be provided by storing duplicate records in another location.

D-31 June 2002

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Kodak D-31 manual Composition of Enclosure Materials, Theft Protection
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D-31 specifications

Kodak D-31 is a color negative developer that has garnered attention for its unique set of features tailored to meet the demands of both professionals and enthusiasts in the field of photography. Designed primarily for use with color negative films, Kodak D-31 is known for delivering impressive results in terms of color reproduction, contrast, and image sharpness.

One of the standout characteristics of Kodak D-31 is its flexibility in processing various types of color negative films. This developer can be used for a range of ISO sensitivity ratings, making it versatile for different photographic situations. Whether capturing landscapes, portraits, or street photography, D-31 ensures that the vibrant colors and subtle tones of each scene are accurately represented.

The technology behind Kodak D-31 incorporates a balanced mixture of color-forming agents and stabilizers that contribute to its reliability. The developer uses a carefully controlled chemical composition that ensures consistent performance with minimal grain, which is a critical factor for photographers who demand high-quality prints. The result is images that display fine detail and smooth transitions in color, which can be particularly important in post-processing and printing.

Kodak D-31 is designed for easy use, featuring a simple processing workflow that can be followed even by those new to film development. The Developer can be used with standard tanks and is compatible with both manual and automatic processing equipment. This ease of use makes D-31 an excellent choice for educational settings and home darkrooms, as it allows users to focus more on the art of photography rather than the technicalities of the developing process.

An additional advantage of Kodak D-31 is its ability to deliver consistent results across different batches, which is essential for those looking to maintain a cohesive portfolio. Photographers can rest assured that each roll developed will yield similar results, thanks to the high degree of control in the chemical composition and the assurance of quality that Kodak has provided for decades.

In summary, Kodak D-31 stands out as a reliable, versatile, and high-performance color negative developer that is well-suited for a variety of photographic applications. Its thoughtful formulation offers photographers the ability to capture and reproduce color with precision, making it a preferred choice for both hobbyists and seasoned professionals alike. With its blend of technology and ease of use, D-31 continues to be a valuable tool for anyone looking to explore the rich world of color film photography.
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