Emulsion layer(s)—image or image-forming layer(s) of photographic films, papers, and plates.

Film base—the plastic support for the emulsion and backing layers.

Halation—halo or ghost around the desired image on a photographic emulsion. (This is caused by the reflection of rays of light from the base to the emulsion or by internal scattering of light within the film.)

Nitrate film—a photographic film with a base consisting of cellulose nitrate. Nitrate-base films decompose with age and are not suitable for permanent records. The manufacture of nitrate film by Eastman Kodak Company in the United States of America was discontinued in 1951, but older nitrate motion-picture films are often found in storage. It is not always possible to determine by visual examination if a film has a nitrate base. However, neither KODAK nor RECORDAK Microfilms in any width were ever made on nitrate base.

Non-curl backing layer—a layer, usually made of gelatin, applied to the side of the film base opposite to that of the emulsion layer, for the purpose of preventing curl.

NOTE:It is comparable to the emulsion layer in thickness and is not removed in processing. (Antihalation or other layers removed in processing are excluded from this definition.)

Polyester film—a photographic film having a polyester base. This type of base manufactured by Eastman Kodak Company is called Estar Base. It is exceptionally tough and strong and has excellent dimensional stability. Microfilm emulsions on Estar Base are currently supplied for many purposes. Kodak currently manufactures only microfilms on Estar Base.

Safety photographic film—photographic film which passes the ignition time test and burning time test as specified in ANSI and ISO Standards.

Safety poly(ethylene terephthalate) base— a polyester film base for recording materials composed mainly of a polymer of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. All safety films (both acetate and polyester) manufactured by Eastman Kodak Company meet these requirements. This means that they are difficult to ignite and are slow burning.

All silver-gelatin Kodak Microfilms on Estar Base, when processed as recommended by Kodak, meet the current specifications established by the American National Standards Institute, Inc., (ANSI) for films intended for use as LE 500.

Substratum (subbing or precoat)—the layer that bonds the emulsion to the base.

Electronic Imaging

With the coming of electronic digital imaging systems, the need for continuing the quality concepts already established in the micrographics arena has evolved. Following are a few

key concepts.

Digitization—use of a scanner to convert documents (on paper or microforms) to digitally coded electronic images suitable for electronic storage.

Digital—the use of binary code to record information. “Information” can be text in a binary code (e.g., ASCII), images in bitmapped form, or sound in a sampled digital form or video.

NOTE:Information is recorded digitally for accuracy in storage and transmission. Some types of data manipulation are easier in digital form.

Scanning—1.) In electronic imaging, scanning is the operation which precedes digitization, where the surface of a document is divided into pixels and analog values are collected representing the optical density (brightness and possibly color) of each pixel.

2.) In electronic imaging, OCR scanning is the conversion of marks that represent symbols into symbols for use in a data processing system. The paper or microfilm with the human-readable marks is first scanned as an image, then is analyzed to recognize the intended symbol. The result is the set of symbolic information,

in a machine-readable code such as ASCII (also known as handprint character recognition, intelligent character recognition, and optical character recognition).

3.) In micrographics, scanning is the movement of an image on a reader screen in a direction perpendicular to the direction of roll-film transport.

4.) Scanning is the systematic examination of data (ISO).

2

D-31 June 2002

Page 4 Page 6
Page 5
Image 5
Kodak D-31 manual Electronic Imaging
Page 4 Page 6

D-31 specifications

Kodak D-31 is a color negative developer that has garnered attention for its unique set of features tailored to meet the demands of both professionals and enthusiasts in the field of photography. Designed primarily for use with color negative films, Kodak D-31 is known for delivering impressive results in terms of color reproduction, contrast, and image sharpness.

One of the standout characteristics of Kodak D-31 is its flexibility in processing various types of color negative films. This developer can be used for a range of ISO sensitivity ratings, making it versatile for different photographic situations. Whether capturing landscapes, portraits, or street photography, D-31 ensures that the vibrant colors and subtle tones of each scene are accurately represented.

The technology behind Kodak D-31 incorporates a balanced mixture of color-forming agents and stabilizers that contribute to its reliability. The developer uses a carefully controlled chemical composition that ensures consistent performance with minimal grain, which is a critical factor for photographers who demand high-quality prints. The result is images that display fine detail and smooth transitions in color, which can be particularly important in post-processing and printing.

Kodak D-31 is designed for easy use, featuring a simple processing workflow that can be followed even by those new to film development. The Developer can be used with standard tanks and is compatible with both manual and automatic processing equipment. This ease of use makes D-31 an excellent choice for educational settings and home darkrooms, as it allows users to focus more on the art of photography rather than the technicalities of the developing process.

An additional advantage of Kodak D-31 is its ability to deliver consistent results across different batches, which is essential for those looking to maintain a cohesive portfolio. Photographers can rest assured that each roll developed will yield similar results, thanks to the high degree of control in the chemical composition and the assurance of quality that Kodak has provided for decades.

In summary, Kodak D-31 stands out as a reliable, versatile, and high-performance color negative developer that is well-suited for a variety of photographic applications. Its thoughtful formulation offers photographers the ability to capture and reproduce color with precision, making it a preferred choice for both hobbyists and seasoned professionals alike. With its blend of technology and ease of use, D-31 continues to be a valuable tool for anyone looking to explore the rich world of color film photography.
Top Page Image Contents