Glossary

PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory - pronounced “prom”): A permanent memory chip that can be programmed or filled by the customer after by the manufacturer has set initial values. Contrast with ROM.

Protocol: 1. A set of semantic and syntactic rules that determines the behavior of functional units in achieving communication. 2. In Open Systems Interconnection architecture, a set of semantic and syntactic rules that determine the behavior of entities in the same layer in performing communication functions. 3. In SNA, the meanings of and the sequencing rules for requests and responses used for managing the network, transferring data, and synchronizing the states of network components. 4. Synonymous with line control discipline.

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network): A worldwide public voice telephone network that is used as a telecommunications medium for the transmission of voice, data and other information. Public Data Network (PDN): A packet-switched network that is available to the public for individual (“subscriber”) use. Typically, controlled by a government or a national monopoly.

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN): The group of circuit-switching voice carriers, which are commonly used as analog data communications services.

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): 1. In data communication, variation of a digital signal to represent information; for example, by means of pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse duration modulation (PDM), or pulse position modulation (PPM). 2. Transmissions of analog information in digital form through sampling and encoding the samples with a fixed number of bits. Pulse dialing: One of two methods of dialing a telephone, usually associated with rotary-dial phones. Compare with “tone dialing”.

Q

Quantizing: The process of analog-to-digital conversion by assigning a range, from the contiguous analog values, to a discrete number.

R

Random Access Memory (RAM): A computer’s primary workspace. All data must be stored in RAM (even for a short while), before software can use the processor to manipulate the data. Before a PC can do anything useful it must move programs from disk to RAM. When you turn it off, all information in RAM is lost.

Rate Enforcement: The concept in frame relay where frames sent faster than the CIR are to be carried only if the bandwidth is available, otherwise they are to be discarded. (The frame relay network assumes that anything exceeding the CIR is of low priority.) Rate enforcement makes sure that the network will not get so congested that it isn’t able to meet the agreed on CIR.

Recognized Private Operating Agency (RPOA): A corporation, private or government-controlled, that provides telecommunications services. RPOAs, such as AT&T, participate as non-voting members in the CCITT.

Red Alarm: A T1 error condition generated when a local failure (e.g., loss of synchronization) exists for 2.5 seconds, causing a Carrier Group Alarm (CGA). See also “Blue Alarm” and “Yellow Alarm”.

Request for Comment (RFC): A set of papers in which Internet standards (published and proposed), along with generally- accepted ideas, proposals, research results, etc. are published. RJ-11: An industry standard interface used for connecting a telephone to a modular wall outlet; comes in 4-and6-wire packages.

RJ-45:An 8-wire modular connector for voice and data circuits.

Root Hub: A Universal Serial Bus hub directly attached to the host controller. This hub is attached to the host; tier 0.

Root Port: The upstream port on a hub.

Router: A device that connects two networks using the same networking protocol. It operates at the Network Layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model for forwarding decisions.

Routing Information Protocol (RIP): A distance vector-based protocol that provides a measure of distance, or hops, from a transmitting workstation to a receiving workstation.

RS-232C:An EIA standard for a serial interface between computers and peripheral devices (modem, mouse, etc.). It uses a 25-pin DB-25, or a 9-pin DB-9 connector. The RS-232 standard defines the purposes, electrical characteristics and timing of the signals for each of the 25 lines.

RS-422:The EIA standard for a balanced interface with no accompanying physical connector. RS-422 products can use screw terminals, DB9, various DB25, and DB37 connectors. RS-530:The EIA standard for the mechanical/electrical interface between DCEs and DTEs transmitting synchronous or asynchronous serial binary data. RS-530 provides for high data rates with the same connector used for RS-232; however, it is incompatible with RS-232.

S

Serial Port: The connector on a PC used to attach serial devices (those that need to receive data one bit after another), such as a mouse, a printer or a modem. This consists of a 9- or 25-pin connector that sends data in sequence (bit by bit). Serial ports are referred to as “COMx” ports, where x is 1 to 4 (i.e., COM1 through COM4). A serial port contains a conversion chip called a “UART” which translates between internal parallel and external serial formats.

Service: The requirements offered by an RPOA to its customers to satisfy specific telecommunications needs.

Severely Errored Seconds (SES): Refers to a typical T1 error event where an error burst occurs (a short term, high bit-error rate that is self-clearing). Per the ITU-T (CCITT) G.821: any second in which the BER is less than 1x10 -3 .

Signaling: The process of establishing, maintaining, accounting for, and terminating a connection between two endpoints (e.g., the user premises and the telco CO). Central office signals to the user premises can include ringing, dial tone, speech signals, etc. Signals from the user’s telephone can include off-hook, dialing, speech to far-end party, and on-hook signals. In-band signaling techniques include pulse and tone dialing. With common channel signaling, information is carried out-of-band.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP): TCP/IP protocol that allows network management.

Simultaneous Voice Data (SVD): A technology for letting a user send data via a modem, and use a handset to talk to another user at the same time over the same connection. The alternative, making a second call, can be expensive or even impossible. The uses for SVD are telecommuting, videoconferencing, distant learning, tech support, etc.

Stop Bit: One of the variables used for timing in asynchronous data transmission. Depending on the devices, each character may be trailed by 1, 1.5, or 2 stop bits.

Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC): A data transmission type where the connection is maintained only until the call is cleared.

Switched Line: In communications, a physical channel established by dynamically connecting one or more discrete segments. This connection lasts for the duration of the call, after which each segment can be used as part of a different channel. Contrast with leased line.

Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. MT5634ZPX User Guide

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