Working with Keys, Key Generation | RSA Security 5.2.2 specs

Cryptography Overview

ASecret Value

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Figure 3-14Secret Sharing — Key Share Assignment

Any K out of the N shares

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Figure 3-15Secret Sharing — Full Key Generation From Shares

Working with Keys

Key Generation

The techniques for generating public/private key pairs and symmetric keys are quite different. Symmetric-key algorithms generally require an arbitrary random-byte sequence, while a public/private key pair must satisfy a mathematical formula. Key generation depends on the availability of a good random number generator, and the security of a random number generator depends on the seed. See “Pseudo-Random Numbers and Seed Generation” on page 92 for more information.

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RSA Security 5.2.2 manual Working with Keys, Key Generation

Contents

Cryptographic Components for C Crypto-C Limit distribution of this document to trusted personnel TrademarksLicense agreement Distribution Contents Cryptography Quick Start N t e n t s Algorithms in Crypto-C Using Crypto-C 101 Saved State Non-Cryptographic Operations 151 Public-Key Operations 213 Symmetric-Key Operations 177 Putting It All Together An X9.31 Example Secret Sharing Operations 305 Glossary 339 Index 349 Appendix a Command-Line Demos 327 List of Figures A B S a F E C r y p t o C D e v e l o p e r ’s G u i d e List of Tables A B S a F E C r y p t o C D e v e l o p e r ’s G u i d e Preface MultiPrime RSA What’s New in Version 5.2.2?Improved performance Hardware support E f a c e Organization of This ManualAdvanced Encryption Standard AES Organization of This Manual Conventions Used in This Manual Crypto-C procedures to use with algorithm objectConventions Used in This Manual Terms and Abbreviations Terms and Abbreviations Related Documents Related DocumentsA B S a F E C r y p t o C D e v e l o p e r ’s G u i d e Http//stdsbbs.ieee.org/groups/1363/index.html Ieee Standard Specifications for Public-Key Cryptography on You can get technical support as follows How to Contact RSA SecurityRSA Security Web Site Getting Support and Service How to Contact RSA Security Introduction Algorithms Crypto-C Toolkit Secret Sharing Public-Key AlgorithmsDigital Signatures Elliptic Curve Public-Key Algorithms Nist Approval and Windows 32-bit Platforms Cryptographic Standards and Crypto-CPkcs Standards and Crypto-C Nist Standards and Crypto-C Nist Approval and Windows NT Platforms Pkcs Compared with Nist Ansi X9 Standards and Crypto-C Quick Start Six-Step Sequence Six-Step Sequence Introductory Example Introductory ExampleInclude Files Creating an Algorithm Object #define Nullptr POINTER0 Where Pointer is defined in aglobal.hNullptr is also defined in aglobal.h Typedef unsigned char *POINTER Balgorithmobj algorithmObject Algorithm object Setting the Algorithm ObjectAlgorithm information Break Init Creating a Key Object Setting a Key ObjectFor our example, we use Key information Int BSetKeyInfo Now we can complete the call to BSetKeyInfo Selecting an Algorithm Chooser We can now complete our call to BEncryptInit UpdateSaving the Object State optional Surrender Context Input data Output data bufferUnsigned int Length of output data For now, we declare Unsigned int outputLenUpdateUnsigned char *encryptedData = Nullptr Final If status = BEncryptUpdate Asurrenderctx *surrenderContext Surrender context Destroy Pointer block For our example, we use the followingPointer to key object Balgorithmobj * algorithmObject If rc4KeyItem.data != Nullptr Putting It All TogetherFor this example, call Tfree as follows Tfree encryptedData Init If status = BEncryptInit Introductory Example EncryptedData = Nullptr End main If encryptedData != Nullptr First create the algorithm object Decrypting the Introductory ExampleCreating the Key Object Decrypting the Introductory Example Setting the Key Object DecryptedData = Nullptr Always destroy objects when you no longer need them Multiple Updates Multiple Updates Break End while Updatesize Multiple Updates Set Summary of the Six StepsInclude Create Final Page Cryptography Cryptography Overview Cryptography OverviewSymmetric-Key Cryptography Ciphers Crypto-C implements the following block ciphers Block CiphersPadding Ciphers in Crypto-C 2Triple DES Encryption as Implemented in Crypto-C Triple DES RC5 RC6 Four Modes Modes of Operation 3Electronic Codebook ECB Mode Electronic Codebook ECB Mode Cipher Feedback CFB Mode Cipher Block Chaining CBC Mode 5Cipher Feedback CFB Mode Output Feedback OFB Mode Stream Ciphers 6Output Feedback Mode OFB RC4 algorithm with MAC Message Digests Message Digests and Pseudo-Random Numbers Hash-Based Message Authentication Codes Hmac Password-Based Encryption Public-Key Cryptography 8DES Key and IV Generation for Password Based Encryption 9Public-Key Cryptography RSA Algorithm RSA Algorithm Modular MathPrime Numbers MultiPrime Numbers Cryptography Overview 1Calculation of 827 mod SummarySecurity Calculation is shown in Table Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding Oaep Digital Envelopes 10Digital Envelope Authentication and Digital Signatures Cryptography Overview 11RSA Digital Signature Digital Signature Algorithm DSA Math Digital Certificates Algorithm Diffie-Hellman Public Key Agreement Phase PhaseParameter Generation Math Multiple-Party Key Agreement Elliptic Curve Cryptography Finite Field Elliptic Curve Parameters Odd Prime Fields Fields of Even Characteristic = 0·I ≡ 2·2m-1·Imod2m Coefficients Over an Odd Prime Field Elliptic curve parameters Coefficients Over a Field of Even CharacteristicPoint P and its Order Points of an Elliptic Curve Is written EFq Order of an Elliptic CurveOrder of a Point Point of Prime Order 2Elliptic Curve Parameters Summary of Elliptic Curve TerminologyCofactor Order n of P Is sometimes called the base point Elliptic Curve Key Pair Generation Representing Fields of Even Characteristic Creating the Key Pair Ecdsa Signature SchemeSigning a Message Math Verifying a Signature Recall that Q = dP, so Elliptic Curve Authenticated Encryption Scheme EcaesNow recall that s = k-1e+dr mod n, so Encrypting a Message Using the Public Key Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Decrypting a Message Using the Private Key Phase 13Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement First coordinate of S, xS, is their agreed-upon secret key Secret Sharing Key Generation Working with Keys Key Escrow Key Management Applications of Cryptography Applications of CryptographyAscii Encoding and Decoding Local Applications Point-to-Point Applications Client/Server Applications Peer-to-Peer Applications Choosing Algorithms Choosing AlgorithmsPublic-Key vs. Symmetric-Key Cryptography Stream vs. Block Symmetric-Key Algorithms Key Agreement vs. Digital Envelopes Block Symmetric-Key Algorithms Elliptic Curve Algorithms Secret Sharing and Key Escrow Interoperability Security Considerations Security ConsiderationsHandling Private Keys Elliptic Curve Standards Pseudo-Random Numbers and Seed Generation Temporary Buffers Choosing Passwords DES Weak Keys Initialization Vectors and Salts3DES Weak and Semi-Weak Keys Timing Attacks and Blinding Stream Ciphers = mre mod n Pick a random value r and compute MD5p padP MD5q padQ m Choosing Key Sizes 4Summary of Recommended Key Sizes RSA Keys RC5 Key Bits and Rounds Diffie-Hellman Parameters and DSA KeysRC2 Effective Key Bits RC4 Key Bits Elliptic Curve Keys Algorithms in Crypto-C Using Crypto-C Algorithms in Crypto-C Information Formats Provided by Crypto-CBasic Algorithm Info Types BER-Based Algorithm Info Types 1Message Digests Summary of AIsPEM-Based Algorithm Info Types BSAFE1 Algorithm Info Types 5Symmetric Stream Ciphers Algorithms in Crypto-C 2Message Authentication3ASCII Encoding 4Pseudo-Random Number Generation 6Symmetric Block Ciphers Algorithms in Crypto-C 5Symmetric Stream Ciphers RC2 Algorithms in Crypto-C 6Symmetric Block Ciphers Key Generation 7RSA Public-Key Cryptography Oaep Algorithms in Crypto-C 7RSA Public-Key Cryptography Digital Signatures 8DSA Public-Key Cryptography 10Elliptic Curve Public-Key Cryptography Algorithms in Crypto-C 9Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement 11Bloom-Shamir Secret Sharing 10 Elliptic Curve Public-Key Cryptography12Hardware Interface Algorithm Info Type Algorithms in Crypto-C 13Advanced Encryption Standard AES 15Block Cipher Keys Keys In Crypto-CSummary of KIs Keys In Crypto-C 16RSA Public and Private Keys Keys In Crypto-C 15Block Cipher Keys17DSA Public and Private Keys Keys In Crypto-C 18Elliptic Curve Keys System Considerations In Crypto-C System Considerations In Crypto-CAlgorithm Choosers An Encryption Algorithm Chooser An RSA Algorithm Chooser Description of AIX962RandomV0 instead of AISHA1Random Surrender Context Int *Surrender Pointer handle Sample Surrender FunctionAlso gives the form that a surrender function must have Reserved for future use Saving State When to Allocate Memory Tmalloc Trealloc Tfree Tmemset Tmemcpy Tmemmove Tmemcmp Memory-Management RoutinesMemory-Management Routines and Standard C Libraries Crypto-C uses the following memory-management routines Memory Allocation BER/DER EncodingBinary Data Typedef struct unsigned char *data unsigned int len System Considerations In Crypto-C Output considerations Input and OutputSymmetric Block Algorithms Input constraints 20Input Limits for RSA Pkcs Encryption General Considerations DES Keys Key SizePublic Key Size Private Key Size 00 C2 58 60 B1 C2 58 60 B1 Using Cryptographic Hardware Using Cryptographic HardwareInterfacing with a Bhapi Implementation 2Algorithm Object in a Hardware Implementation Pkcs #11 Support Using a Pkcs #11 Device with Crypto-C Using Cryptographic Hardware Balgorithmmethod *RSASIGNHWCHOOSER = &AMMD5 Using Cryptographic Hardware Tfprivate KeypairGenParams.privateKeyAttributes.tokenFlag = Now generate Using Cryptographic Hardware Using Cryptographic Hardware Return Behardware Pkcs #11 Support for DSA Key Pair Generation Balgorithmmethod *DSAKEYGENCHOOSER = &AMDSAKEYGEN POINTER&pubKeyData-params P11KeyGenParams.privateKeyAttributes.keyUsage = 00 00 00 66 a9 47 2d 80 5a Advanced Pkcs #11For an RSA private key, it would be this Digest CKBYTEPTRseedBuffer, CKULONGseedLen Hardware IssuesRandom Numbers Ckrv rv Rv = Using Cryptographic Hardware Page Non-Cryptographic Operations Example in this section corresponds to the file mdigest.c Message DigestsCreating a Digest Message Digests If status = BDigestInit Your call will be the following If status = BDigestUpdate#define Digestlen BER-Encoding the Digest Remember to destroy all objects when you are done with them Saved State Saving the State of a Digest Algorithm ObjectFollowing example BER-encodes the preceeding sample digest Item stateInfo = Null Message Digests Status = Rsademoealloc break 1Code Sample DigestDataSavedState Message Digests Hash-Based Message Authentication Code Hash-Based Message Authentication Code Hmac Generate a random 24-byte key using KI24Byte Hash-Based Message Authentication Code HmacCreate the key object RandomAlgorithm, keyData, KEYSIZE, Asurrenderctx *NULLPTR != Unsigned char *digestedData unsigned int digestedDataLen Generating Random Numbers with SHA1 Generating Random NumbersGenerating Random Numbers Setting The Algorithm Object Random Seed Unsigned char *gets char *randomSeed != 0 break Puts Enter a random seed if status = If status = BGenerateRandomBytes Generate Additional seeding Generating Independent Streams of RandomnessThis step is identical to the previous example Typedef struct These steps are identical to the previous example Steps 4, 5Item randomSeed AX931RANDOMPARAMS x931Params Encoding Binary Data To Ascii Converting Data Between BinaryConverting Data Between Binary and Ascii If status = BEncodeInit asciiEncoder != 0 break BDestroyAlgorithmObject &asciiEncoder Tfree asciiEncoding Decoding ASCII-Encoded Data If status = binaryDecoding == Nullptr != 0 break If status = BDecodeInit asciiDecoder != 0 break BDestroyAlgorithmObject &asciiDecoder Tfree binaryDecoding Symmetric-Key Operations Example in this section corresponds to the file descbc.c Block CiphersDES with CBC Block Ciphers For new padding schemes Examples include des, rc5RC5 parameters Points at init vector Item Call BGenerateRandomBytes Now set up the Bblkcipherwfeedbackparams structure Format of info supplied to BSetKeyInfo Depends on cipher type, as follows Unsigned int outputBufferSize Decrypting RC2 Cipher Now you can set your algorithm object as follows Init If rc2KeyItem.data != Nullptr Use a random number generator to come up with 24 bytes Update EncryptedData = Nullptr If rc2KeyItem.data != Nullptr RC5 Cipher 255 Unsigned int 0x10 Unsigned intInitialization vector Unsigned char initVector8 ARC5CBCPARAMS rc5Params Item rc5KeyItem Use a random number generator to create 10 bytesIf rc5KeyItem.data != Nullptr Update Final EncryptedData = Nullptr RC6 Cipher #define Blocksize Unsigned char initVectorBLOCKSIZE Setting the Key Data If rc6KeyItem.data != Nullptr Break OutputLenTotal = outputLenUpdate + outputLenFinal Been allocated AES Cipher Unsigned char *aesParams Creating a Key Object If aesKeyItem.data != Nullptr Final Password-Based Encryption Iteration count Unsigned char * salt Init Tmemset pbeKeyItem.data, 0, Maxpwlen Update Final Page Public-Key Operations Generating a Key Pair Performing RSA OperationsPerforming RSA Operations Where Item is There is no in generating a key pair Destroy Milliseconds Private non-CRT What is MultiPrime?MultiPrime MultiPrime Two-Prime RSA 48.8 17.5 Three-Prime RSA 10.9 How Many Primes? Sample BGetKeyInfo BGenerateInitRsaGen BGenerateKeypair Set the Algorithm Object Generating an RSA MultiPrime Key If status = BGenerateInit keypairGenerator Distributing an RSA Public Key BER/DER Encoding Crypto-C FormatIf you looked at the elements of the struct If status = myPublicKeyBER.data == Nullptr != Format of info returned by BGetKeyInfo Send it off Remember to free any memory you allocated RSA Public-Key EncryptionTfree myPublicKeyBER.data Input constraints Reference Manual entry on AIPKCSRSAPublic states #define Blocksize RSA Private-Key Decryption If status = BDecryptInit Raw RSA Encryption and Decryption Optimal Asymetric Encryption Padding Oaep MultiPrime Computing a Digital Signature RSA Digital Signatures Setting The Algorithm Object Entry for the AI in use Surrender context outlined in The Surrender Context on Verifying a Digital Signature If status = BVerifyInit Update Generating DSA Parameters Performing DSA OperationsPerforming DSA Operations Bdsaparamgenparams dsaParams DsaParams.primeBits = There is no in generating DSA parameters Generate Generating a DSA Key Pair DSA Signatures Computing a Digital Signature Creating An Algorithm Object Properly cast Nullptr for the surrender context #define Maxsiglen To verify the signature created here, use the same AI Data and you know its length, your call is the following Performing Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Generating Diffie-Hellman Parameters Adhparamgenparams Adhparamgenparams dhParams There is no in generating Diffie-Hellman parameters Destroy Base generator Distributing Diffie-Hellman Parameters If you look at the elements of the struct BER Format A p t e r 7 P u b l i c K e y O p e r a t i o n s Item dhParametersBER Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement If status = BKeyAgreeInit Phase Other party should send their public value and its length Saving the Object State Generating Elliptic Curve Parameters Performing Elliptic Curve OperationsPerforming Elliptic Curve Operations Implementation version Input of 0 defaults to fieldElementBitsInput of 0 defaults to Format of info supplied to BSetAlgorithmInfo Performing Elliptic Curve Operations No Update step is necessary for parameter generation GeneralFlag = Retrieving Elliptic Curve Parameters Elliptic curve coefficient Indicates type of base fieldIt is the prime number Case that fieldType = Ftfp If status = output-base.data == Nullptr != 0 break Aecparams ecParamInfo If status = output-order.data == Nullptr != 0 breakFreeECParamInfo&ecParamInfo Sample code, FreeECParamInfo is implemented as follows Generating an Elliptic Curve Key Pair Becparams paramInfo Initialize There is no Update step for key generation Aecparams curveParams Retrieving an Elliptic Curve KeyKIECPublic gives a pointer to an Aecpublickey structure Public component Performing Elliptic Curve Operations Generating a Generic Acceleration Table Generating Acceleration TablesEnd FreeECPubKeyInfo Format the information Retrieve the elliptic curve parametersAecparams *cryptocECParamInfo Aecparams ecParamInfo For odd prime field There is no Update step for building acceleration tables Build the acceleration table Allocate memoryItem accelTableItem Retrieve the public key information Generating a Public-Key Acceleration Table FreeECPubKeyInfo&publicKeyInfo Put the information retrieved in the proper format Item pubKeyAccelTableItem unsigned int maxTableLen GeneralFlag = If status = BBuildTableFinal Performing EC Diffie-Hellman Key AgreementBuild the public-key acceleration table Item pubKeyAccelTableItem Create Optional Set Acceleration Table Info If status = alicePublicValue == Nullptr != 0 break If status = aliceSecretValue == Nullptr != 0 break Performing Ecdsa in Compliance with Ansi Generating an EC Key Pair Generating EC Parameters Computing a Digital Signature Create Item aTableItem Build an algorithm chooser with the appropriate AMs Aecparams *ecParamInfo Now, using BSignUpdate, pass in the data to be signedIf status = signature == Nullptr != 0 break Unsigned int signatureLen Initialized random algorithm in BSignFinalDestroy all objects that are no longer needed Use the same AI and digestInfo as you did for signing Optional Set Public Key Acceleration Table Info Performing Ecdsa with X9.62-Compliant BER 0x7a Item stockECParamsBERECParamsBER154 = 0x30 0x81 0x52 0xd1 StockECParamsBER.data = ECParamsBER stockECParamsBER.len = 0x79 DataToSign = 0x530x68 0x73 Aecparams *ecParamsInfo Use the same AI as you did for signing Tfreesignature BDestoryAlgorithmObject &ecDSAVerify Using Ecaes Using an EC Key Pair Using Elliptic Curve ParametersEcaes Public-Key Encryption Now, pass this information into your algorithm object Optional Acceleration TableItem accelerationTableItem Break FieldElementLen = ecParamInfo-fieldElementBits + 7 Final Steps for decryption are similar to those for encryption Ecaes Private-Key DecryptionCreate an algorithm object = TmallocmaxDecryptedDataLen BDecryptUpdateOutputLenUpdate MaxDecryptedDataLen = outputLenTotalPage Generating Shares Secret Sharing Example in this section corresponds to the file scrtshar.c Secret Sharing #define Secretsize 16 #define Totalshares Tfree secretSharecount If status = secretSharecount == Nullptr != 0 breakBreak If status != 0 break Unsigned int outputLenFinal If status = BEncryptFinal Use the same AI, AIBSSecretSharing Reconstructing the Secret Asurrenderctx *NULLPTR != 0 break If status != 0 break BDestroyAlgorithmObject &secretReconstructer Page Putting It All Together An X9.31 Example X9.31 Sample Program X9.31 Sample ProgramBkeyobj privateKey = Bkeyobjnullptr Item randomSeed Printf ================================================\n Generating Random BytesStatic unsigned char f4Data = 0x01, 0x00 Unsigned int status To create a random algorithm object and set the parameters Providing the Seed Generating a Key Pair Break Printf ============================= \n Computing a Digital SignatureRsaVerifyX931. For signing, use rsaSignX931 AX931PARAMS Break Init Verifying the Signature If status != Return End GeneralSurrenderFunction Surrendering Control Printing the Buffer Contents Appendix a Overview of the Demos Command-Line Demo User’s Guide Command-Line Demo User’s GuideCommand Line mode Input Redirection mode Specifying User Keys Using BdemoSign a File Verify a Signed File Create a File EnvelopeOpen a File Envelope Generate a Key Pair Running Bdemodsa Using BdemodsaEnter any arbitrary string of printable characters Sign a File Running Bdemoec Using Bdemoec File Reference File ReferenceTable A-1Demo Program Source Files BSLite Table A-1Demo Program Source Files BSLite BSLite Page Glossary Application Programming Interface Advanced Encryption StandardSeries of steps used to complete a task American National Standards Institute O s s a r y See XOR Generic security service application program interfaceElectronic business Data Interchange See ECC An algorithm that generates the subkeys in a block cipher Process of having a third party hold onto encryption keysProcess that creates a larger key from the original key Act of creating a key Data to be encrypted Extra bits concatenated with a key, password, or plaintextPrivate key in the RSA public-key cryptosystem Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions Number extracted from a pseudo- random sequence Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolSecure Wide Area Network See secret key XOR Page Index Ecdsa D e A B S a F E C r y p t o C D e v e l o p e r ’s G u i d e D e See also RC4 subprime