Tyco 579-769 specifications Background Noise Reverberation

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Influences on Intelligibility, Continued

Background Noise,

(continued)

Reverberation

Some types of background noise have a greater impact on intelligibility than others depending on the frequency content of the noise. Noise generated by several conversations occurring simultaneously, such as in areas of public assembly, (an airport terminal or shopping mall) generally require a higher signal-to-noise ratio than noise generated by HVAC units. HVAC noise tends to have most of its energy concentrated in one or two octave bands in the lower frequency range, which has a lesser contribution to speech intelligibility than mid bands. NFPA 72 recognizes this fact, and states:

“In areas where background noise is generated by machinery and is fairly constant, a frequency analysis can be warranted.”

Note: See Chapter 5 “Regulatory Issues” of this manual for more NFPA Codes and Guidelines.

There are limits to how much sound can be produced to overcome background noise. Take the case of a manufacturing area with 90 dB average background noise. To overcome the noise, the speaker must produce 105 dB at the listener, and could exceed 120 dB near the speaker, depending how far the speaker is from the listener. The maximum SPL allowed by NFPA 72 is 110 dB (lower in some jurisdictions) and is clearly an excessively loud system, possible hearing damage could result. In these cases, visual notification would be preferred, with speakers located in areas away from the noise sources in areas designated for evacuation message broadcast.

Reverberation is the effect of sound being reflected off of surfaces from many different directions. Unlike echoes, which are a distinct reflection of the sound, reverberation is essentially the effect of many small echoes.

Note: See Chapter 2 for more information on reverberation.

Because reverberation contains portions of the original speech delayed from the original source, the reverberant sound becomes noise, interfering with intelligibility. Reverberation has a smearing effect on the sound that the listener hears as shown in the figure below. The speech modulations are reduced by sounds arriving after the original sound. Notice that the valleys of the modulations are now filled with the reflected sounds reducing the overall modulations.

Figure 3-4. The Speech Pattern “An Emergency Has Been Reported” with Reverberation

Reverberation times typically range from less than 400 ms for typical office spaces with carpeting and cubicles to several seconds for gymnasiums and auditoriums. In general, rooms with reverberation times higher than 1.5 seconds must be designed using professional analysis and modeling.

Note: Chapter 6 provides examples of different settings such as office spaces, gymnasiums, and corridors to demonstrate the differences in reverberation time.

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Contents Fire Alarm Audio Applications Guide Page Copyrights and Trademarks Page Table of Contents Emergency Voice/Alarm Communications Systems Glossary of Terms Related Publications Chapter Speech Intelligibility Overview Speech Intelligibility Importance Designing for Chapter Background Information Topic See Page #Equation 2-3. Power Relationships Basic Audio MathEquation 2-1. The Decibel Equation 2-2. Ohm’s LawEquation 2-5. dB and Sound Pressure Levels Equation 2-6. Adding DecibelsSound and Hearing Robinson and Dadson Equal Loudness CurvesNature of Speech Speech Pattern that Illustrates ModulationsRoom Acoustics Sabine Equation, used when α Eyring Equation, used when αAreas with high ceilings, specify a more directional speaker Speaker Basics Equation 2-8. The Inverse Square LawSPL = Sensitivity + 20 log Equation 2-9. On-Axis SPL CalculationEquation 2-10. Directivity Factor Q for a Conical Source 6dB/division87dB 51º 104 Critical Polar Angle CalculationsEquation 2-11. Coverage Area Calculations Listener Height = 1.5 Meters Ceiling Coverage DiameterLayout Pattern Selection Guide SPL Variation by Layout Pattern2x Edge-to-Edge Minimum OverlapDistributed Wall Mounted Systems Wall Mounted Speakers In Meters Room Coverage Width WidthOpposite Speaker Edge-edge Minimum-Overlap Full-Overlap Chapter Speech Intelligibility Influences on Intelligibility Frequency of Speech Contribution to IntelligibilityDegradation of CIS vs. Signal-to-Noise Ratio No Noise With Added NoiseBackground Noise Reverberation Distortion ALcons Measures of IntelligibilityCorrelation of CIS and with STI and %ALcons STI method with faster measurement times Practical Measurement of Intelligibility STI-CIS Analyzer TalkboxTools for Predicting Intelligibility Page Chapter Emergency Voice/Alarm Communications Systems Typical Emergency Voice/Alarm Communications System AdvantagesParts of an Emergency Voice/Alarm Communications System Class a and B Speaker Circuit Wiring Chapter Regulatory Issues Audibility From Nfpa 72, 2002 EditionHigh Background Noise Large Areas Intelligibility Intelligibility Certification Page Chapter Speaker System Design Method Speaker Design Method Determine the speaker-to-listener distance D2Recommendations for Maximizing System Intelligibility Applying the Methods ITool Office Space ExampleOffice Space Speaker Location Guide Corridor Design Example Corridor Speaker Location Guide Corridor SPL DistributionITool Gymnasium Example 10. Gymnasium Speaker Location Guide 13. Lobby Example 15. Lobby Layout Applying the Methods Conclusion Page Chapter Glossary of Terms Glossary Glossary Page Index IN-2 Page 579-769 Rev. C
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