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Intel fortran-80 manual Final Coding

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7.1.4 Final Coding

FORTRAN-SO

Programming Guidelines

The next pass is a more formal description of level two, introducing FORTRAN statements for English sentences.

Level Three

CINITIALIZE VARIABLES NEEDED FOR TOTALS DATA TOTEMP, TOTHRS, TOTPAY / 3*0.0/

COPEN INPUT/OUTPUT FILES, READ EMPLOYEE RECORD OPEN (input file)

OPEN (output file)

10READ (unit, 20) EMP, HRS, GRPAY, NETPAY

20FORMAT (flist)

CPRINT TOTALS IF NO MORE RECORDS IF (no more records) TH EN

WRITE (unit, 40) TOTEM P, TOTH RS, TOTPAY

40FORMAT (flist) CLOSE (input file) CLOSE (output file)

COTHERWISE PRINT EMPLOYEE DATA AND UPDATE TOTALS ELSE

WRITE (unit, 60) EMP, HRS, GRPAY, NETPAY

60FORMAT (flist)

TOTEMP = TOTEMP + 1

TOTH RS = TOTH RS + HRS TOTPAY = TOTPAY +GRPAY

CREAD NEXT EMPLOYEE RECORD GOTO 10

ENDIF END

A number of details remain to be specified, but each of these levels is in some sense complete and can be debugged to the extent that it is complete. Thus we can confirm the accuracy of the program's logic, then 110 interfaces and basic calculations, and only at the end concern ourselves with such details as format specification.

7.1.4 Final Coding

At the level of detailed code, a number of steps can be taken to simplify writing and debugging the program, or to simplify the task of another programmer updating the program later.

•Take advantage of the built-in debugging aids available in the particular programming language. For example, PAUSE, STOP, and WRITE statements can be interspersed throughout initial FORTRAN code to trace program execution paths. These can be removed in the final version of the program.

•Avoid tricky programming. Code conservatively!

•Concentrate initially on making the program work. Beautiful printouts can be produced as a last step.

•Concentrate especially on getting the statement syntax correct the first time. Syntax details can be particularly annoying to FORTRAN programmers, but initial effort in this area can save a lot of grief in the long run.

•Again, use comment lines frequently. Use meaningful labels for variables. Use blanks to improve program listing readability.

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Intel fortran-80 manual Final Coding

Contents

FORTRAN-SOPROGRAMMING MANUAL Manual Order Number: 9800481 ACopyright 1978 Intel Corporation PRINTED IN U.S.A./A151/1279/5K CP PREFACE Page FORTRAN CONCEPTS CONTENTSPREFACE GLOSSARY CHAPTER INTRODUCTION TO FORTRAN CHAPTERFORTRAN-80STATEMENT SUMMARY ILLUSTRATIONSCHAPTER PROGRAMMING GUIDELINES APPENDIX AGLOSSARY Record - A sequence of values or characters CHAPTER INTRODUCTION TO FORTRAN 1.1 An Introductory Example1.1.1 Comment Lines 1.1.5 Output Statements 1.1.2 Type Statement1.1.3 Input Statements 1.1.4 Value Assignment Statement1.2.2 Nonexecutable Statements 1.2 Summary Of FORTRAN·SO Statements1.1.6 Program Termination 1.2.1 Executable Statements1.2.3 Order of Statements FEN:• • • • 2.1.2 The PROG RAM Statement 2.1.3 Statements and LinesPROGRAM name 2.2.1 Character Set 2.2 FORTRAN Statement Elements2.2.2 Constants and Variables FORTRAN-80 ARITHMETICOVERFLOW ERROR MURPHYSLAW#4567Q+#AF2CH PNAME AB HITS AVGwhere +64101 #140102.2.4 Expressions and Operators 2.2.4.3 Relational Expressions is evaluated as if it were written 10FLAG = FLAG + IF FLAG1 .EQV. FLAG2 RETURN 2.2.5 Scope of Symbols 15/3 + 18/9 = 5 + 2 =15/3 + 18/9 = 15/3 + 2 = 15/5 = CALL sub arg,arg 2.3 Notational ConventionsPage 3.1.2 INTEGER Type Statement CHAPTER DEFINING VARIABLES ARRAYS, AND MEMORY3.1Type Statements 3.1.1 REAL Type Statement•va,luernustueiA, Qp4 3.1.3 LOGICAL Type Statementv* len aryd* len 3.1.4 CHARACTER Type Statement3.1.5 IMPLICIT Statement CHARACTER * len, name ,name3.2 Array Definition 3.2.2 Kinds of Array Declarators 3.2.1 DIMENSION Statement3.2.3 Properties of Arrays 3.2.4 Referencing Array Elementsary s ,s Declarator 3.3 Assignment StatementsDimension ElementRESULT 3.3.1 Arithmetic Assignment StatementTYPE OF TYPE OF expv = exp 3.3.2 Logical Assignment Statement3.3.3Character Assignment Statement 3.3.4 ASSIG N Statement3.3.5DATA Statement ASSIGN stlTO namer*c,r*c DATA ZEROS 110*0/1,J,K 110,20,301 &NAMES2 IOTTI 3.4.1 EQUIVALENCE Statement3.4 Memory Definition DATA I,J,K/10,20,301COMMON /eb! nlist ,/ eb! nlist 3.4.2COMMON Statement3.4.3BLOCK DATA Subprograms 3.4.2.1 Common Block Memory Sequence3.4.2.2 Named and Blank Common Blocks 3.4.4 BLOCK DATA Statement 4.1.2 Computed GO TO Statement CHAPTER 4 PROGRAM EXECUTION CONTROLS4.1 Transferring Program Oontrol 4.1.1 Unconditional GO TO Statement4.1.4Arithmetic IF Statement GO TO name n, stl ,stlIFexps1,s2,s3 4.1.3Assigned GO TO Statement4.1.6 IF, ELSE IF, and ELSE Blocks 4.1.5 Logical IF Statement4.1.8ELSE IF Statement 4.1.7 Block IF Statement4.1.10 END IF Statement 4.1.9 ELSE Statement4.2 Loop Control Statements 4.2.1 Operation of a DO Loop4.2.2 DO Statement 4.2.3CONTINUE Statement 4.3 Program Termination Statements4.3.1 PAUSE Statement 4.3.2 STOP Statement4.3.3EN 0 Statement A = 33 + SQRT8 CHAPTER FUNCTIONS AND SUBROUTINES5.1Intrinsic and Statement Functions 5.1.1Intrinsic Functionstunc dum ,dum ... = exp 5.1.2 INTRI NSIC Statement5.1.3 Statement Functions INTRINSIC tunc ,tunc5.1.3.1 Referencing Statement Functions 5.1.3.2 Statement Function Limitations156.8 typ FUNCTION tunc dum ,dum 5.2 External Procedures5.2.1 FUNCTION Statement 5.2.1.1 Referencing External Functions5.2.1.2 FUNCTION Subprogram Limitations 5.2.2Subroutines5.2.4 RETU RN Statement ~RETURNCA.~END 5.2.3 SUBROUTINE StatementEXTERNAL proe ,proe 5.2.5SAVE Statement5.2.6EXTERNAL Statement SAVE lebl ,Iebl5.2.7 CALL Statement 5.3 Arguments And Common Blocks RevisitedFunctions And Subroutines 5.3.1 Common Blocks5.3.2 Dummy And Actual Arguments 5.3.3 Association Of Arguments5.3.3.3 Arrays As Dummy Arguments 5.3.3.4 Procedures As Dummy Arguments5.3.3.1 Agreement Of Argument Lengths 5.3.3.2 Variables As Dummy ArgumentsFX, Y, 5.3.3.5Argument Association LimitationsPage 6.1.2 File Properties CHAPTER INPUT/OUTPUT6.1Records, Files, And Units 6.1.1Record Properties6.1.2.4 External And Internal Files 6.1.2.1 File Existence6.1.2.2 File Name 6.1.2.3 File Position6.1.3 Unit Properties 6.1.2.5 File Access6.2.1.21/0 Status Specifier 6.2 File-HandlingStatements6.2.1 OPEN Statement 6.2.1.1 Unit Specifier6.2.1.3 Error Specifier 6.2.1.4 File Name Specifier6.2.1.5 File Status Specifier 6.2.1.6 Access Method Specifier 6.2.1.7 Formatting Specifier6.2.1.8 Record Length Specifier 6.2.1.9 Blank Specifier CLOSE close-list 6.2.2CLOSE Statement6.2.1.11 Opening A Connected Unit 6.2.2.1 Unit SpecifierREWI N Darg-list 6.2.3 BACKSPACE Statement6.2.4 REWI N D Statement 6.2.2.2 File Disposition SpecifierREWIND REWIND 3, IOSTAT= ERRFLG, ERR= 6.3 Data-Transfer 1/0 Statements6.2.5 ENDFILE Statement 6.3.1 READ Statement6.3.1.1 Control Information List Examples WRITE ctl-list out-list 6.3.2WRITE Statement6.3.1.2 Input List 6.3.1.3 Implied-DOList6.4Formatted And Unformatted Data Transfer 6.3.3 PRINT Statement6.4.1 Unformatted Data Transfer 6.4.2 Formatted Data Transfer 6.4.2.1 Printing Formatted Records6.4.2.2 Format Control 6.4.3FORMAT Statement 6.4.3.t Edit Descriptorsstl FORMAT flist 1 is Ff OY1 Y2 Edit DescriptorAbsolute value of exp Form of expa Z5editdesctiptor either a sjgu ora letter indicatingthebas¢Example DollytSigfjl$ijitrrrg· FS.26.4.4.1 List-Directed Input 6.4.4List·Directed Formatting6.4.4.2 List-DirectedOutput Page 7.1.2 Program Documentation 7.1.1 Problem DefinitionCHAPTER PROGRAMMING GUIDELINES 7.1 Program Development7.1.3 Refining The Problem Definition 7.1.4 Final Coding 7.2.3 Crossing Unit Lines 7.2 FORTRAN Coding7.2.1 Functions And Subroutines 7.2.2 GO TO StatementPI = 7.3 References7.2.5 Reminders X = 2217*r* *21972 APPENDIX A FORTRAN-80STATEMENT SUMMARY A.1 Statement SequenceA.2 Statement Summary ERR = stl FORTRAN-80Statement Summary ERR = stlDATA Statement Category: Nonexecutable ELSE IF Statement Category: Executable, Block IF EQUIVALENCE Statement FUNCTION Statement Category: Nonexecutable IMPLICIT Statement OPEN Statement fORTRAN-80Statement Summary REWIND Statement SUBROUTINE Statement Category: Executable B.1 Intrinsic Function Summary APPENDIX B INTRINSIC FUNCTIONSCATEGORY Intrinsic FunctionsFORTRAN-80 <ORMB.2 Notes On Intrinsic Functions Page C.2.1 Hollerith Constants In DATA Statements APPENDIX C HOLLERITH DATA TYPEC.1 Hollerith As A Data Type C.2 The Hollerith ConstantC.3 Hollerith Format Specification C.4 AEditing Of Hollerith DataHollerith Data Type APPENDIX D EXTENSIONS TO ANSI FORTRAN 0.1 Standard Extensions To 1977 Subset0.2Nonstandard Extensions To 1977 FORTRAN 0.4 Differences From 1966 FORTRAN 0.3 More Specific Semantics Than 1977 FORTRANMiscellaneous extensions Seven-dimensionalarrays Page APPENDIX E ASCII CODESPage Length APPENDIX F 8080/8085 PROCESSOR DEPENDENCIESF.1 Processor Limitations On Language F.2 Compiler ExtensionsF.2.4 Free-formLine Format F.2.3 Reentrant ProceduresF.2.1 Lowercase Letters F.2.2 Port Input/Output$0077 F.2.6 Default Data LengthsF.2.5 Interpretation of DO Statements F.2.7 Including Source FilesF.2.8 REel Specification For Sequential Files F.2.9 Flexibility In Standard RestrictionsF.3 Unit Preconnection INDEX Index FREEFORM Compiler Control, F-2 Index FORTRAN-SOPage NOTES NOTES inter SOFTWARE PROBLEM REPORTIntel Corporation Attn: Literature Department 111111BUSINESS REPLY CARD Postage will be paid by AddresseeFORTRAN·80PROGRAMMING MANUAL 9800481 A REQUEST FOR READERSCOMMENTSIntel Corporation Attn: Literature Department 111111BUSINESS REPLY CARD 0LIKE YOUR COMMENTSPage Printed in U.S.A inter