Meade LXD55 instruction manual Appendix a Celestial Coordinates, Setting Circles

North
Celestial				+90		Dec.
Pole								Star
(Vicinity
of Polaris)							e
						D
							c
1							l
							a
							i
							n
								t
								i
		14	13	12		11	10	o
	15							n
17 16								9	8
	Earth’s									7
18	Rotation									6
19									4	5
20	21						2	3		Celestial
		22	23		0	1
										Equator
Right Ascension
										0 Dec.
South										2
Celestial				-	90	Dec.
Pole

Fig. 34: Celestial Sphere.

APPENDIX A: CELESTIAL COORDINATES

A celestial coordinate system was created that maps an imaginary sphere surround- ing the Earth upon which all stars appear to be placed. This mapping system is simi- lar to the system of latitude and longitude on Earth surface maps.

In mapping the surface of the Earth, lines of longitude are drawn between the North and South Poles and lines of latitude are drawn in an East-West direction, parallel to the Earth’s equator. Similarly, imaginary lines have been drawn to form a latitude and longitude grid for the celestial sphere. These lines are known as Right Ascension and Declination.

The celestial map also contains two poles and an equator just like a map of the Earth. The poles of this coordinate system are defined as those two points where the Earth’s north and south poles (i.e., the Earth's axis), if extended to infinity, would cross the celestial sphere. Thus, the North Celestial Pole (1, Fig. 34) is that point in the sky where an extension of the North Pole intersects the celestial sphere. The North Star, Polaris is located very near the North Celestial Pole. The celestial equator (2, Fig. 34) is a projection of the Earth’s equator onto the celestial sphere.

Just as an object's position on the Earth’s surface can be located by its latitude and longitude, celestial objects may also be located using Right Ascension and Declination. For example, you could locate Los Angeles, California, by its latitude (+34°) and longitude (118°). Similarly, you could locate the Ring Nebula (M57) by its Right Ascension (18hr) and its Declination (+33°).

■Right Ascension (R.A.): This celestial version of longitude is measured in units of hours (hr), minutes (min), and seconds (sec) on a 24-hour "clock" (similar to how Earth's time zones are determined by longitude lines). The "zero" line was arbitrarily chosen to pass through the constellation Pegasus — a sort of cosmic Greenwich meridian. R.A. coordinates range from 0hr 0min 0sec to 23hr 59min 59sec. There are 24 primary lines of R.A., located at 15-degree intervals along the celestial equator. Objects located further and further East of the zero R.A. grid line (0hr 0min 0sec) carry higher R.A. coordinates.

■Declination (Dec.): This celestial version of latitude is measured in degrees, arc- minutes, and arc-seconds (e.g., 15° 27' 33"). Dec. locations north of the celestial equator are indicated with a plus (+) sign (e.g., the Dec. of the North celestial pole is +90°). Dec. locations south of the celestial equator are indicated with a minus

(–) sign (e.g., the Dec. of the South celestial pole is –90°). Any point on the celes- tial equator (such as the the constellations of Orion, Virgo, and Aquarius) is said to have a Declination of zero, shown as 0° 0' 0."

Setting Circles

Setting circles included with the LXD55-Seriesmodels permit the location of faint celes- tial objects not easily found by direct visual observation. With the telescope pointed at the North Celestial Pole, the Dec. circle (19, Fig. 1d) should read 90° (understood to mean +90°). Each division of the Dec. circle represents a 1° increment. The R.A. cir- cle (31, Fig. 1d) runs from 0hr to (but not including) 24hr, and reads in increments of

5min.

Using setting circles requires a developed technique. When using the circles for the first time, try hopping from one bright star (the calibration star) to another bright star of known coordinates. Practice moving the telescope from one easy-to-find object to another. In this way, the precision required for accurate object location becomes evi- dent.

Note You may also enter an object's R.A. and Dec. coordinates using the "User: Objects" option of Autostar's Object menu. Autostar then automat- ically slews the telescope to the entered coordinates.

To use the setting circles to locate an object not easily found by direct visual observation:

Insert a low-power eyepiece, such as a 26mm, into the focuser assembly. Pick out a bright star with which you are familiar (or is easily located) that is in the area of the sky in which your target object is located. Look up the R.A. coordinate of the bright

48