Statistics Functions, Probability Calculations | HP 15c Scientific

Section 4

Statistics Functions

A word about the statistics functions: their use is based on an understanding of memory stack operation (Section 3). You will find that order of entry is important for most statistics calculations.

Probability Calculations

The input for permutation and combination calculations is restricted to nonnegative integers. Enter the y-value before the x-value. These functions, like the arithmetic operators, cause the stack to drop as the result is placed in the X-register.

Permutations. Pressing ´p calculates the number of possible different arrangements of y different items taken in quantities of x items at a time. No item occurs more than once in an arrangement, and different orders of the same x items in an arrangement are counted separately. The formula is

	Py,x =	y!
	Py,x =	( y − x)!
		( y − x)!

Combinations. Pressing c calculates the number of possible sets of y different items taken in quantities of x items at a time. No item occurs more than once in a set, and different orders of the same x items in a set are not counted separately. The formula is

	C y, x =	y!
	C y, x =	x!( y − x)!
		x!( y − x)!

Examples: How many different arrangements are possible of five pictures which can be hung on the wall three at a time?

Keystrokes	Display
5 v 3	3
´p	60.0000

Five (y) pictures put up three (x) at a time.

Sixty different arrangement possible.

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Image 47

HP 15c Scientific manual Statistics Functions, Probability Calculations, 60.0000

Contents

HP Part Number 00015-90001 Edition 2.4, Sep HP-15C Owner’s Handbook Legal Notice Introduction Contents Display and Continuous Memory Contents Program Branching and Controls Program Editing Subroutines Calculating With Matrices Indirect Display ControlCalculating With Complex Numbers Numerical Integration Appendix E a Detailed Look at f Contents Appendix a Error ConditionsAppendix C Memory Allocation Appendix D a Detailed Look at Subject Index Contents Appendix F BatteriesFunction Summary and Index Programming Summary and Index Quick Look at HP-15C Problem Solver To Compute Keystrokes Display Manual Solutions Keystrokes Display Programmed Solutions 300.51 KeystrokesDisplay001-42,21,11 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 8313 HP-15C a Problem Solver Part l HP-15C Fundamentals Section Power On and OffGetting Started Keyboard Operation I O m ´ P I l F T s ? t H b Prefix KeysChanging Signs Keying in Exponents Clear Keys Clears only the last digit Display Clearing ` and −Digit entry not terminated 6532 CalculationsOne-Number Functions Two-Number Functions 78.0000 17 +26.0000 22.0000 5000 13.0000 Number Alteration Functions Numeric Functions General Functions One-Number Functions Pressing Calculates Trigonometric OperationsTime and Angle Conversions 40.5000 Degrees/Radians Conversions7069 Radians Hyperbolic Functions Logarithmic Functions To Calculate Keystrokes Display Power FunctionTwo-Number Functions Percentages Polar Conversion. Pressing Polar and Rectangular Coordinate ConversionsEnters the base number the price Calculates 3% of $15.76 the tax Keystrokes Display Always displayed Automatic Memory Stack Last X, and Data StorageAutomatic Memory Stack Stack Manipulation Automatic Memory Stack Registers Lost Stack Manipulation FunctionsMemory Stack, Last X, and Data Storage Lost 12.9000 Last X Register and K287.0000 22.2481 20.6475 Calculator Functions and the Stack13.9 + +15 X15 Order of Entry and the v Key 69.0000 Nested Calculations7 + 65.0000 Arithmetic Calculations With Constants 5 ‛15 Keys 000 Keystrokes Display Growth factor1000 520.8750 Storage Register OperationsStoring and Recalling Numbers 322.5000 Storage and Recall Arithmetic Clearing Data Storage Registers For recall arithmetic For storage arithmetic 15.0000 ProblemsOverflow and Underflow 24 l-0 Memory Stack, Last X, and Data Storage 60.0000 Statistics FunctionsProbability Calculations 3422 Random Number Generator270,725.0000 5764 Registers Accumulating Statistics Register Contents Σy2 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 Kg per hectareMetric tons per Hectare, y 20 z 61v 40 z 7.21 60 z 7.78 80 z l 20 w 20 z Correcting Accumulated Statistics 40.00 MeanStandard Deviation Application Linear Regression31.62 Standard deviation about the mean nitrogen Linear Estimation and Correlation Coefficient Statistics Functions 70 ´j Other Applications Fixed Decimal Display Display Continuous MemoryDisplay Control 234567 Scientific Notation DisplayEngineering Notation Display 234568 Annunciators Round-Off ErrorSpecial Displays Mantissa Display 12.345.6700 Error DisplayDigit Separators 12,345.67 Status Low-Power IndicationContinuous Memory Resetting Continuous Memory Page Part ll HP-15C Programming Loading a Program Programming BasicsMechanics Creating a Program ´b a Programming Basics 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 Intermediate Program StopsRunning a Program 300.51 300.51 ´A How to Enter Data Program Memory Totals Radius, r Height, h Base Area Volume Surface Area 010 002004 005 007-44,40 Or G a Instruction Coding Further InformationProgram Instructions Keycode 25 second row, fifth key Memory Configuration 60 ´ m% Initial Memory Configuration 19.0000 Program Boundaries´ m % 19 ´ m% ´bA ´b3 End of memory Unexpected Program StopsAbbreviated Key Sequences LOG % User ModePolynomial Expressions and Horners Method ¤ @ y ∕ 12,691.0000 Nonprogrammable Functions001-42,21,12 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 0000 Problems Moving to a Line in Program Memory Program Editing Inserting Program Lines ExamplesDeleting Program Lines Or use Â Single-Step Operations Result Line PositionÂhold Release Initializing Calculator Status Insertions and Deletions PV 1 + i n Interest+ i n ´bA D ´4 O0 2* O1 2÷ * ´ ´ l0 l1 ´r * n 100 270 Branching Program Branching Controls Test Conditional Tests  n will clear flag number n Flags Example Branching and Looping 016-44,40 010-45,20013-43,30 014 Formula is Example Flags 006-42,21 002-43004-42,21,15 005-43, 4 10,698.3049 Go to250.0000 48.0000 Conditional Branching Looping System Flags Flags 8 Program Branching and Controls ´b.1 SubroutinesGo To Subroutine and Return Subroutine Execution Subroutine Limits 004 000 001- ´b9002- R 003- O0 ´b.5 ´ b.4 Nested Subroutines Subroutine Return 106 Index Register Loop ControlV and % Keys Index Register and Loop Control Indirect Program Control With the Index RegisterProgram Loop Control Index Register Storage and Recall Indirect Branching With Index Register ArithmeticExchanging the X-Register Loop Control With Counters I and e Indirect Flag Control WithIndirect Display Format Control With Start count at zero Count by twos Count up to Nnnnn x x x y y 5 0 0 12.3456 Examples Register OperationsIterations Storing and Recalling Keystrokes Display Storage Register Arithmetic Example Loop Control with eExchanging the X-Register 013- 22 Loop control number in R2−− 011- 42 012-42, 5 64.8420 0000 50.0000 Example Display Format Control15 O Index Register Contents Indirect Display Control Index Register and Loop Control 118 Part lll HP-15C Advanced Functions 120 Complex Stack and Complex ModeCalculating With Complex Numbers Creating the Complex Stack Entering Complex Numbers Deactivating Complex ModeComplex Numbers and the Stack ´ % hold 8.0000 release Z 8 Y 7 X Keys Manipulating the Real and Imaginary Stacks Stack Lift in Complex Mode Or other operation Clearing a Complex Number − 4 v Continue with any operation Continue with any operation 0000 17.0000 144.0000 Entering Complex Numbers with −. The clearing functions −´ %hold release Followed by another number Entering a Real Number ´ Continue with any operation Entering a Pure Imaginary Number L 2 ´ Operations With Complex NumbersStoring and Recalling Complex Numbers ´ O + * ÷ y ¤x N o ∕ @ a 0491 20007000 0428 ´ % hold Release1.5708 Polar and Rectangular Coordinate ConversionsComplex Results from Real Numbers 5708 Cos θ + i sin θ = re iθ Polar + ib = ∠ θ + 3.1434 84522981 4721 352.0000872.0000 2361 For Further Information 138 Calculating With Matrices = A-1B Keystrokes Display Deactivates Complex Mode 2496 Matrix DimensionsRunning 11.2887 Number Rows Columns Dimensioning a Matrix Keystrokes l B Display Displaying Matrix DimensionsChanging Matrix Dimensions ´mA Storing and Recalling All Elements in Order Storing and Recalling Matrix Elements ⎡ a Checking and Changing Matrix Elements Individually Keystrokes Display Matrix Descriptors Matrix OperationsStoring a Number in All Elements of a Matrix Result Matrix One-Matrix Operations Copying a Matrix Calculating with Matrices LB b Scalar Operations LA a Elements of Result Matrix LB b 2 LA a 2 Arithmetic OperationsKeystrokes Display Subtracts 1 from the elements Matrix Multiplication Keystrokes Display l a a = AT B Solving the Equation AX = B 8600 24 OA2400 86 OA 274 OB 233 OB 331 OB 120.32 OB 112.96 OB 151.36 OB ´Á Week Cabbage kg 186 141 215 Broccoli kg 116 Calculating the Residual Calculations With Complex Matrices Using Matrices in LU Form Then Z can be represented in the calculator by Storing the Elements of a Complex Matrix Pressing Transforms Into LA a = ⎢ Complex Transformations Between ZP and Z Inverting a Complex Matrix ´ a Multiplying Complex Matrices ´U lC LC lC lC lC lC lC lC ´U Keystrokes lA lB Display Displays descriptor of matrix a ZZ −1 Solving the Complex Equation AX = B AX = B 170.0000 200.0000 1543 03721311 0437 Calculating with Matrices Miscellaneous Operations Involving Matrices Using a Matrix Element With Register OperationsUsing Matrix Descriptors in the Index Register Conditional Tests on Matrix Descriptors Stack Operation for Matrix Calculations Calculating with Matrices Using Matrix Operations in a Program ´m a Summary of Matrix FunctionsKeystrokes Results Calculates residual in result matrix For Further Information 180 UsingFinding the Roots An Equation Clear program memory Finding the Roots of an Equation 005 006 007 ´b0001-42,21 002 003 Desired root Finding the Roots of an Equation 003 004 Keystrokes ¥´ bA 000 001-42,21,11 200 t 5000 1 e tBrings another t-value Into X-register 000 001-42,21 002 003 004 005 When No Root Is Found Error Choosing Initial Estimates Label 6 x + 8 003 004 005 007X + 8 008 009 Finding the Roots of an Equation Using in a Program Memory Requirements Restriction on the Use 194 Using fNumerical Integration 002 003 004 1416 7652 4040 Begin subroutine with a label 4401 3825$ ÷ 6054 Accuracy of f ´ i ´ f 7091 8826 382 Using f in a Program Memory Requirements 205 Error ConditionsError 0 Improper Mathematics Operation Appendix a Error 2 Improper Statistics Operation Error 1 Improper Matrix Operation Error 6 Improper Flag Number Error 3 Improper Register Number or Matrix ElementError 4 Improper Line Number or Label Call Error 5 Subroutine Level Too Deep Pr Error Power Error Appendix B Stack Lift Last X RegisterDigit Entry Termination Stack Lift Enabling Operations Disabling Operations Nnn Clear u ¥ Stack Stack Enabled. disabled 53.1301 No stack LiftNeutral Operations Appendix B Stack Lift and the Last X Register Keys \ k + H ∆ \ h ÷ À P* q r c ‘ / N z ∕ P\ o j Last X Register Registers Memory AllocationMemory Space Appendix C Appendix C Memory Allocation M % Function Memory ReallocationMemory Status W 19 ´ m Restrictions on Reallocation´m% 1.0000 Whold 1 64 Automatic Program Memory Reallocation Program Memory Together Memory Requirements for the Advanced FunctionsTwo-Byte Program Instructions If executed Appendix C Memory Allocation 220 Detailed Look atHow Works Appendix D Appendix D a Detailed Look at Accuracy of the Root X4 = 000 006 007 008 009 010-43,30 011 012-43,30 013 1718 0681 Interpreting Results´ v B − 45 For 0 x End subroutine Test for x rangeBranch for x ≥ 3x 45x 2 + Possible root 000.0000Initial estimates 1358 Appendix D a Detailed Look at 013 014 015 016 ´ b.0 001-42,21,.0 002 003 004 005Bring x-value into X-register 007 008 009 010 10 v ´ ‛ 20 017 018 Finding Several Roots Error 0000 1250 5626 002 003 004 005 006 007 Fx = xx a3 = 6667 Deflated function value Same initial estimatesSecond root Stores root for deflation Deflation for third root Limiting the Estimation Time Specifying a Tolerance For Advanced InformationCounting Iterations 240 Detailed Look at fHow f Works Appendix E X = π1 0π cos4θ − x sinθ dθ Accuracy, Uncertainty, and Calculation Time ´ i ´ f 0000 1416 ´ f ´ Clear u hold Keystrokes Display Return approximation to´ Clear u Hold Keystrokes ´ i Display 7807 7858 Uncertainty and the Display Format Functions values for example Δx = 0.5×10−n ×10m = aδx dxb = ab 0.5×10−n + m x dx Conditions That Could Cause Incorrect Results ∞ xe− xdx 001-42,21 002- 1 003 004 005 Appendix E a Detailed Look at f Appendix E a Detailed Look at f Conditions That Prolong Calculation Time Uncertainty Keys lower limit intoKeys upper limit into Approximation to integral Appendix E a Detailed Look at f Obtaining the Current Approximation to an Integral For Advanced Information Batteries Low-Power IndicationInstalling New Batteries Batteries Appendix F Batteries 2.C 3.H Verifying Proper Operation Self-Tests Digit Entry Function Summary and IndexComplex Functions Conversions Mantissa. Pressing Display ControlIndex Register Control Logarithmic Exponential Functions 146 MathematicsMatrix Functions To XT Number AlterationTo ZP page164 Clear u PercentageProbability Stack Manipulation Storage Statistics Trigonometry 269 Programming Summary and Index Programming Summary and Index 271 Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Modifications Product Regulatory Environment InformationFederal Communications Commission Notice Avis Canadien Canadian Notice Body number is inserted between CE European Union Regulatory Notice