Programming Basics, Mechanics | HP 15c Scientific instruction

Section 6

Programming Basics

The next five sections are dedicated to explaining aspects of programming the HP-15C. Each of these programming sections will first discuss basic techniques (The Mechanics), then give examples for the implementation of these techniques (Examples), and lastly discuss finer points of operation in greater detail (Further Information). Read only as far as you need to support your use of the HP-15C.

The Mechanics

Creating a Program

Programming the HP-15C is an easy matter, based simply on recording the keystroke sequence used when calculating manually. (This is called ―keystroke programming‖.) To create a program out of a series of calculation steps requires two extra manipulations: deciding where and how to enter your data; and loading and storing the program. In addition, programs can be instructed to make decisions and perform iterations through conditional and unconditional branching.

As we step through the fundamentals of programming, we'll rework the falling object program illustrated in the Problem Solver (page 14).

Loading a Program

Program Mode. Press ¥ (program/run) to set the calculator to Program mode (PRGM annunciator on). Functions are stored and not executed when keys are pressed in Program mode.

Keystrokes	Display
¥	000-	Switches to Program mode;
		PRGM annunciator and line
		number (000) displayed.

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HP 15c Scientific manual Programming Basics, Mechanics, Creating a Program, Loading a Program

Contents

HP-15C Owner’s Handbook HP Part Number 00015-90001 Edition 2.4, Sep Legal Notice Introduction Contents Contents Display and Continuous Memory Program Editing Program Branching and Controls Subroutines Indirect Display Control Calculating With Complex NumbersCalculating With Matrices Numerical Integration Appendix D a Detailed Look at Contents Appendix a Error ConditionsAppendix C Memory Allocation Appendix E a Detailed Look at f Programming Summary and Index Contents Appendix F BatteriesFunction Summary and Index Subject Index HP-15C Problem Solver Quick Look at Manual Solutions To Compute Keystrokes Display Programmed Solutions Keystrokes Display 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 8313 KeystrokesDisplay001-42,21,11 300.51 HP-15C a Problem Solver Part l HP-15C Fundamentals Keyboard Operation Power On and OffGetting Started Section Keying in Exponents Prefix KeysChanging Signs I O m ´ P I l F T s ? t H b Clear Keys Display Clearing ` and − Digit entry not terminatedClears only the last digit Two-Number Functions CalculationsOne-Number Functions 6532 13.0000 17 +26.0000 22.0000 5000 78.0000 Numeric Functions Number Alteration Functions One-Number Functions General Functions Trigonometric Operations Time and Angle ConversionsPressing Calculates Radians Degrees/Radians Conversions7069 40.5000 Logarithmic Functions Hyperbolic Functions Percentages Power FunctionTwo-Number Functions To Calculate Keystrokes Display Calculates 3% of $15.76 the tax Polar and Rectangular Coordinate ConversionsEnters the base number the price Polar Conversion. Pressing Keystrokes Display Automatic Memory Stack Registers Automatic Memory Stack Last X, and Data StorageAutomatic Memory Stack Stack Manipulation Always displayed Stack Manipulation Functions Memory Stack, Last X, and Data StorageLost Lost 22.2481 Last X Register and K287.0000 12.9000 Calculator Functions and the Stack 13.9 +20.6475 Order of Entry and the v Key +15 X15 65.0000 Nested Calculations7 + 69.0000 Arithmetic Calculations With Constants 5 ‛15 Keys Keystrokes Display Growth factor 1000000 322.5000 Storage Register OperationsStoring and Recalling Numbers 520.8750 Clearing Data Storage Registers Storage and Recall Arithmetic For storage arithmetic For recall arithmetic 24 l-0 ProblemsOverflow and Underflow 15.0000 Memory Stack, Last X, and Data Storage Statistics Functions Probability Calculations60.0000 5764 Random Number Generator270,725.0000 3422 Accumulating Statistics Registers Register Contents 20 z 61v 40 z 7.21 60 z 7.78 80 z l 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 Kg per hectareMetric tons per Hectare, y Σy2 Correcting Accumulated Statistics 20 w 20 z Mean Standard Deviation40.00 Standard deviation about the mean nitrogen Linear Regression31.62 Application Linear Estimation and Correlation Coefficient Statistics Functions Other Applications 70 ´j Display Continuous Memory Display ControlFixed Decimal Display 234568 Scientific Notation DisplayEngineering Notation Display 234567 Mantissa Display Round-Off ErrorSpecial Displays Annunciators 12,345.67 Error DisplayDigit Separators 12.345.6700 Low-Power Indication Continuous MemoryStatus Resetting Continuous Memory Page Part ll HP-15C Programming Creating a Program Programming BasicsMechanics Loading a Program Programming Basics ´b a Intermediate Program Stops Running a Program002 003 004 005 006 007 008 How to Enter Data 300.51 300.51 ´A Program Memory Radius, r Height, h Base Area Volume Surface Area Totals 007-44,40 002004 005 010 Or G a Further Information Program InstructionsInstruction Coding Memory Configuration Keycode 25 second row, fifth key Initial Memory Configuration 60 ´ m% 19 ´ m% Program Boundaries´ m % 19.0000 Unexpected Program Stops Abbreviated Key Sequences´bA ´b3 End of memory ¤ @ y ∕ User ModePolynomial Expressions and Horners Method LOG % 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 0000 Nonprogrammable Functions001-42,21,12 12,691.0000 Problems Program Editing Moving to a Line in Program Memory Examples Deleting Program LinesInserting Program Lines Or use Â Single-Step Operations Release Line PositionÂhold Result Insertions and Deletions Initializing Calculator Status Interest + i nPV 1 + i n 100 270 ´bA D ´4 O0 2* O1 2÷ * ´ ´ l0 l1 ´r * n Program Branching Controls Branching Conditional Tests Test Flags  n will clear flag number n Example Branching and Looping 014 010-45,20013-43,30 016-44,40 Example Flags Formula is 005-43, 4 002-43004-42,21,15 006-42,21 48.0000 Go to250.0000 10,698.3049 Looping Conditional Branching System Flags Flags 8 Program Branching and Controls Subroutine Execution SubroutinesGo To Subroutine and Return ´b.1 Subroutine Limits 003- O0 000 001- ´b9002- R 004 ´ b.4 ´b.5 Subroutine Return Nested Subroutines Index Register Loop Control V and % Keys106 Index Register Storage and Recall Indirect Program Control With the Index RegisterProgram Loop Control Index Register and Loop Control Index Register Arithmetic Exchanging the X-RegisterIndirect Branching With Indirect Flag Control With Indirect Display Format Control WithLoop Control With Counters I and e Nnnnn x x x y y 5 0 0 Start count at zero Count by twos Count up to Storing and Recalling Keystrokes Display Examples Register OperationsIterations 12.3456 Example Loop Control with e Exchanging the X-RegisterStorage Register Arithmetic 012-42, 5 Loop control number in R2−− 011- 42 013- 22 Example Display Format Control 15 O64.8420 0000 50.0000 Index Register Contents Indirect Display Control Index Register and Loop Control 118 Part lll HP-15C Advanced Functions Creating the Complex Stack Complex Stack and Complex ModeCalculating With Complex Numbers 120 Deactivating Complex Mode Complex Numbers and the StackEntering Complex Numbers ´ % hold 8.0000 release Z 8 Y 7 X Keys Stack Lift in Complex Mode Manipulating the Real and Imaginary Stacks Clearing a Complex Number Or other operation Continue with any operation − 4 v Continue with any operation Entering Complex Numbers with −. The clearing functions − ´ %hold release0000 17.0000 144.0000 Entering a Real Number Followed by another number Entering a Pure Imaginary Number ´ Continue with any operation ´ O Operations With Complex NumbersStoring and Recalling Complex Numbers L 2 ´ ¤x N o ∕ @ a + * ÷ y 0428 20007000 0491 5708 Polar and Rectangular Coordinate ConversionsComplex Results from Real Numbers ´ % hold Release1.5708 Cos θ + i sin θ = re iθ Polar + ib = ∠ θ 8452 2981+ 3.1434 2361 352.0000872.0000 4721 For Further Information Calculating With Matrices 138 Keystrokes Display Deactivates Complex Mode = A-1B 11.2887 Matrix DimensionsRunning 2496 Dimensioning a Matrix Number Rows Columns ´mA Displaying Matrix DimensionsChanging Matrix Dimensions Keystrokes l B Display Storing and Recalling Matrix Elements Storing and Recalling All Elements in Order ⎡ a Checking and Changing Matrix Elements Individually Keystrokes Display Matrix Operations Storing a Number in All Elements of a MatrixMatrix Descriptors Result Matrix Copying a Matrix One-Matrix Operations Calculating with Matrices Scalar Operations LB b Elements of Result Matrix LA a Arithmetic Operations Keystrokes Display Subtracts 1 from the elementsLB b 2 LA a 2 Matrix Multiplication = AT B Keystrokes Display l a a Solving the Equation AX = B 86 OA 24 OA2400 8600 274 OB 233 OB 331 OB 120.32 OB 112.96 OB 151.36 OB ´Á Calculating the Residual Week Cabbage kg 186 141 215 Broccoli kg 116 Using Matrices in LU Form Calculations With Complex Matrices Storing the Elements of a Complex Matrix Then Z can be represented in the calculator by Pressing Transforms Into = ⎢ LA a Complex Transformations Between ZP and Z Inverting a Complex Matrix Multiplying Complex Matrices ´ a Keystrokes lA lB Display Displays descriptor of matrix a ´U lC LC lC lC lC lC lC lC ´U Solving the Complex Equation AX = B ZZ −1 AX = B 200.0000 170.0000 0437 03721311 1543 Calculating with Matrices Using a Matrix Element With Register Operations Using Matrix Descriptors in the Index RegisterMiscellaneous Operations Involving Matrices Stack Operation for Matrix Calculations Conditional Tests on Matrix Descriptors Calculating with Matrices Using Matrix Operations in a Program Summary of Matrix Functions Keystrokes Results´m a Calculates residual in result matrix For Further Information Using Finding the Roots An Equation180 Finding the Roots of an Equation Clear program memory 002 003 ´b0001-42,21 005 006 007 Finding the Roots of an Equation Desired root 000 001-42,21,11 Keystrokes ¥´ bA 003 004 Into X-register 5000 1 e tBrings another t-value 200 t When No Root Is Found 000 001-42,21 002 003 004 005 Error Choosing Initial Estimates Label 008 009 003 004 005 007X + 8 6 x + 8 Finding the Roots of an Equation Using in a Program Restriction on the Use Memory Requirements Using f Numerical Integration194 002 003 004 4040 1416 7652 Begin subroutine with a label 3825 $ ÷4401 6054 Accuracy of f ´ i ´ f 8826 7091 Using f in a Program 382 Memory Requirements Appendix a Error ConditionsError 0 Improper Mathematics Operation 205 Error 1 Improper Matrix Operation Error 2 Improper Statistics Operation Error 5 Subroutine Level Too Deep Error 3 Improper Register Number or Matrix ElementError 4 Improper Line Number or Label Call Error 6 Improper Flag Number Pr Error Power Error Stack Lift Stack Lift Last X RegisterDigit Entry Termination Appendix B Disabling Operations Enabling Operations Appendix B Stack Lift and the Last X Register Keys Stack Stack Enabled. disabled 53.1301 No stack LiftNeutral Operations Nnn Clear u ¥ Last X Register \ k + H ∆ \ h ÷ À P* q r c ‘ / N z ∕ P\ o j Appendix C Memory AllocationMemory Space Registers Appendix C Memory Allocation Memory Reallocation Memory Status WM % Function Restrictions on Reallocation ´m% 1.0000 Whold 1 6419 ´ m Program Memory Automatic Program Memory Reallocation If executed Memory Requirements for the Advanced FunctionsTwo-Byte Program Instructions Together Appendix C Memory Allocation Appendix D Detailed Look atHow Works 220 Appendix D a Detailed Look at Accuracy of the Root X4 = 000 1718 006 007 008 009 010-43,30 011 012-43,30 013 Interpreting Results ´ v B0681 − 45 For 0 x 3x 45x 2 + Test for x rangeBranch for x ≥ End subroutine 1358 000.0000Initial estimates Possible root Appendix D a Detailed Look at 007 008 009 010 ´ b.0 001-42,21,.0 002 003 004 005Bring x-value into X-register 013 014 015 016 017 018 10 v ´ ‛ 20 Error 0000 1250 5626 Finding Several Roots Fx = xx a3 = 002 003 004 005 006 007 6667 Stores root for deflation Same initial estimatesSecond root Deflated function value Deflation for third root Limiting the Estimation Time For Advanced Information Counting IterationsSpecifying a Tolerance Appendix E Detailed Look at fHow f Works 240 Accuracy, Uncertainty, and Calculation Time X = π1 0π cos4θ − x sinθ dθ 0000 1416 ´ i ´ f Keystrokes ´ i Display Keystrokes Display Return approximation to´ Clear u Hold ´ f ´ Clear u hold 7858 7807 Uncertainty and the Display Format Functions values for example Δx = 0.5×10−n ×10m = aδx dxb = ab 0.5×10−n + m x dx Conditions That Could Cause Incorrect Results ∞ xe− xdx 001-42,21 002- 1 003 004 005 Appendix E a Detailed Look at f Appendix E a Detailed Look at f Conditions That Prolong Calculation Time Approximation to integral Keys lower limit intoKeys upper limit into Uncertainty Appendix E a Detailed Look at f Obtaining the Current Approximation to an Integral For Advanced Information Batteries Low-Power IndicationInstalling New Batteries Batteries Appendix F Batteries Verifying Proper Operation Self-Tests 2.C 3.H Conversions Function Summary and IndexComplex Functions Digit Entry Logarithmic Exponential Functions Display ControlIndex Register Control Mantissa. Pressing Mathematics Matrix Functions146 Number Alteration To ZP page164To XT Stack Manipulation PercentageProbability Clear u Statistics Storage Trigonometry Programming Summary and Index 269 Programming Summary and Index Subject Index 271 Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Subject Index Product Regulatory Environment Information Federal Communications Commission NoticeModifications Canadian Notice Avis Canadien European Union Regulatory Notice Body number is inserted between CE