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Ports 1-1023 are reserved and used by well known services (e.g. 80 = WWW). Ports above
1023 can be freely used by any application.
PPTP
Microsoft’s proprietary protocol used for design of virtual private networks.
See chapters and sections concerning VPN.
Private IP addresses
Localnetworks which do not belong to the Internet (private networks) use reserved ranges
of IP addresses (private addresses). These addresses cannot be used in the Internet. This
implies that IP ranges for local networks cannot collide with IP addresses used in the
Internet.
The following IP ranges are reserved for private networks:
•10.0.0.0/255.0.0.0
•172.16.0.0/255.240.0.0
•192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0
Protocol inspector
WinRoute’s subroutine, which is able to monitor communication using application pro-
tocols (e.g. HTTP, FTP, MMS, etc.). Protocol inspection is used to check proper syntax
of corresponding protocols (mistakes might indicate an intrusion attempt), to ensure its
proper functionality while passing through the firewall (e.g. FTP in the active mode, when
data connection to a client is established by a server) and to filter traffic by the corre-
sponding protocol (e.g. limited access to Web pages classified by URLs, anti-virus check
of downloaded objects, etc.).
Unless traffic rules are set to follow a different policy, each protocol inspector is auto-
matically applied to all connections of the relevant protocol that are processed through
WinRoute.
Proxy server
Older, but still wide-spread method of Internet connection sharing. Proxy servers connect
clients and destination servers.
A proxy server works as an application and it is adapted for several particular application
protocols (i.e. HTTP, FTP, Gopher, etc.). It requires also support in the corresponding
client application (e.g. web browser). Compared to NAT, the range of featured offered is
not so wide.
Router
A computer or device with one or more network interfaces between which it handles
packets by following specific rules (so called routes). The router’s goal is to forward
packets only to the destination network, i.e. to the network which will use another router
which would handle it on. This saves other networks from being overloaded by packets
targeting another network.
See also routing table.