Yamaha D24 202

202 Glossary

D24—Owner’s Manual

Initial settings—The settings used when a device is ﬁrst turned on after leaving the

factory. Also known as the default, or factory settings.

Line-Level Signal—A high-level signal in the range from –20 dB to +20 dB. Most

audio equipment outputs signals at line level. Contrast with Low-Level Signal.

Logical formatting—Also known as “high-level formatting,” disk formatting that

simply initializes a disk’s ﬁling system. Contrast with physical formatting.

Low-Level Signal—A signal in the range from –100 dB to –20 dB. Microphone and

electric guitar signals are in this range. Contrast with Line-Level Signal.

LSB (Least Signiﬁcant Bit)—The least signiﬁcant bit of a binary number. Contrast

with MSB.

LTC (Longitudinal Timecode)—Timecode, commonly used in audio applica-

tions, that is recorded throughout the length of the program material, with each 80-bit

timecode word or frame contains sync and time information.

MDM—Abbreviation for modular digital multitrack.

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)—The standard digital interface

for remotely controlling electronic musical systems and audio equipment.

MIDI timecode—See MTC.

mini YGDAI (Yamaha General Digital Audio Interface)—The second-gener-

ation YGDAI interface system used on the 01V Digital Mixing Console and D24.

MMC (MIDI Machine Control)— The set of MIDI commands for controlling tape

recorders, video machines, and other studio equipment. Typical MMC commands

include Stop, Play, Rewind, and Pause.

MO (Magneto Optical)—To store data, MO disk technology uses a laser to heat the

storage media to the Curie point, at which the magnetic polarity can be changed by

applying a magnetic ﬁeld. Reading is performed optically, with reﬂection variations due

to magnetic polarization being converted into electrical signals.

MSB (Most Signiﬁcant Bit)—Thinnest signiﬁcant bit of a binary number. Contrast

with LSB.

MTC (MIDI Timecode)—An addition to the MIDI Standard that allows the trans-

mission of timing information over MIDI. MTC contains clock and position informa-

tion.

Nominal level—See Operating Level.

Nyquist theorem—The Nyquist theorem states that the sampling rate of a digital

audio system must be at least twice that of the highest audio frequency, otherwise wave-

form distortion know as aliasing will occur. See also Aliasing.

Operating level—This is the signal level at which a piece of audio equipment is

designed to operate. The two most common operating levels are –10 dBV (316 mV),

which is used by semiprofessional equipment, and +4 dBu (1.23 V), which is used by

professional equipment.

Oversampling—A technique used to reduce noise due to quantization errors in

which audio is sampled at a rate much higher than the nominal sampling rate.

Overwrite-type MO disks—MO disks come in two ﬂavors: Normal and Overwrite.

With normal disks, writing is a two-step process requiring two disk revolutions: one to

erase and one to write. With Overwrite-type disks, the erase step is not necessary, so

data can be written in a single revolution, offering write speeds 1.5-times faster than

those of normal disks.

PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)—In the second stage of A/D conversion, the

pulses derived using PAM are converted into binary numbers.