Intel 8080 manual Advantages of Designing With Microcomputers, Microcomputer Design Aids

Page 6

 

CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM

PROGRAMMED LOGIC

Product definition

 

Simpl ified because of ease of incorporating features

System and logic design

Done with logic diagrams

Can be programmed with design aids

 

 

(compilers, assemblers, editors)

Debug

Done with conventional

Software and hardware aids reduce time

 

Lab Instrumentation

 

PC card layout

Documentation

Cooling and packaging

Power distribution

 

Engineering changes

Done with yellow wire

Table 0-1. The Advantages of Using Microprocessors

ADVANTAGES OF DESIGNING

WITH MICROCOMPUTERS

Microcomputers simplify almost every phase of pro- duct development. The first step, as in any product devel- opment program, is to identify the various functions that the end system is expected to perform. Instead of realizing these functions with networks of gates and flip-flops, the functions are implemented by encoding suitable sequences of instructions (programs) in the memory elements. Data and certain types of programs are stored in RAM, while the basic program can be stored in ROM. The microprocessor performs all of the system's functions by fetching the in- structions in memory, executing them and communicating the results via the microcomputer's I/O ports. An 8080 microprocessor, executing the programmed logic stored in a single 2048-byte ROM element, can perform the same logical functions that might have previously required up to 1000 logic gates.

The benefits of designing a microcomputer into your system go far beyond the advantages of merely simplifying product development. You will also appreciate the profit- making advantages of using a microcomputer in place of custom-designed random logic. The most apparent advantage is the significant savings in hardware costs. A microcomputer chip set replaces dozens of random logic elements, thus re- ducing the cost as well as the size of your system. In addi- tion, production costs drop as the number of individual components to be handled decreases, and the number of complex printed circuit boards (which are difficult to lay- out, test and correct) is greatly reduced. Probably the most profitable advantage of a microcomputer is its flexibility for change. To modify your system, you merely re-program the memory elements; you don't have to redesign the entire system. You can imagine the savings in time and money when you want to upgrade your product. Reliability is another reason to choose the microcomputer over random logic. As the number of components decreases, the prob- ability of a malfunctioning element likewise decreases. All

Fewe r cards to layout

Less hardware to document

Reduced system size and power consumption eases job

Less power to distribute

Change program

of the logical control functions formerly performed by numerous hardware components can now be implemented in a few ROM circuits which are non-volatile; that is, the contents of ROM will never be lost, even in the event of a power failure. Table 0-1 summarizes many of the advan- tages of using microcomputers.

MICROCOMPUTER DESIGN AIDS

If you're used to logic design and the idea of designing with programmed logic seems like too radical a change, re- gardless of advantages, there's no need to worry because Intel has already done most of the groundwork for you. The INTELLEC® 8 Development Systems provide flexible, in- expensive and simplified methods for OEM product develop- ment. The INT~LLEC@ 8 provides RAM program storage making program loading and modification easier, a display and control console for system monitoring and debugging, a standard TTY interface, a PROM programming capability and a standard software package (System Monitor, Assem- bler and Test Editor). In addition to the standard software package available with the INTELLEC® 8, Intel offers a PL/MTcompiler, a cross-assembler and a simulator written in FORTRAN IV and designed to run on any large scale com- puter. These programs may be procured directly from Intel or from a number of nationwide computer time-sharing services. Intel's Microcomputer Systems Group is always available to provide assistance in every phase of your product development.

Intel also provides complete documentation on all their hardware and software products. In addition to this User's Manual, there are the:

•PL/M'~Language Reference Manual

•8080 Assembly Language Programming Manual

•INTELLEC®8/MOD 80 Operator's Manual

•INTELLEC®8/MOD 80 Hardware Reference Manual

•8080 User's Program Library

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Contents Page Programmable Communication Interface Clock Generator for 8080ASystem Controller for 8080A Programmable Peripheral InterfaceContents 127 Peri pheralsChapter Packaging Information Page Advantages of Designing With Microcomputers Microcomputer Design AidsConventional System Programmed Logic Applications Example Iii1IIII~Iff1 Application Peripheral Devices EncounteredTypical Computer System Architecture of a CPUAccumulator Program Counter Jumps, Subroutines and the Stack Instruction Register and DecoderArithmetic/Logic Unit ALU Control CircuitryAddress Registers Computer OperationsMemory Write Instruction FetchMemory Read Wait memory synchronizationPage Page INTE~ 8080 Photomicrograph With Pin DesignationsArchitecture of the 8080 CPU RegistersData Bus Buffer Arithmetic and Logic Unit ALUInstruction Register and Control Processor CycleMachine Cycle Identification State Transition Sequence HaltStatus Word Chart Status Bit DefinitionsStatus Information Definition CPU State Transition Diagram ?~~Rr\ ONE ,----- ~ State Associated Activities ~2. State DefinitionsRLrL- rL rL rL-rL- rLrL Interrupt Sequences¢2 -+--sLJJlL-..rrL~LJLLJTLJJ\.lJL Hold Sequences Halt SequencesSTART-UP of the 8080 CPU 11. Halt Timing ~~~~t==p 001 STATUS6 Xram ~A~~~ll ~iA~~~11~iA~~ll,12 ~iA~~~11Value 111 000 001 010 011 100 101Typical Computer System Block Diagram Basic System OperationClock Generator and High Level Driver CPU Module Design8080 CPU Clock Generator DesignClK 0.......-..-.-----.. tf1A TTL ~50nsHigh Level Driver Design Ststb !1 Page Interfacing the 8080 CPU to Memory and I/O Devices ROM InterfaceRAM Interface Ill Isolated I/O InterfaceGeneral Theory Memory Mapped I/OAddressing Interface ExampleMemr to 13 Format 15 FormatInstruction and Data Formats 8080 Instruction SETByte Three I D7 Byte OneByte Two Addressing ModesDescription Format Symbols and AbbreviationsSymbols Meaning AllMOV r1, r2 Move Register Content of register r2 is moved to register r1Data Transfer Group Reg. indirect0 I R p 0 I R1 I 0 IArithmetic Group 0 I 0 oR 0 I 0 I D I DOCR M Decrement memory I ILogical Group Cycles States Addressing reg. indirect Flags Z,S,P ,CY,AC~11~ I 0 I 1 I 1 II 1 I 1 o I 1 I 1 I 1 1 10 I 0 I 0 I 1 I0 I 0 1 I Cycles States Flags noneBranch Group 000I c c I c I 0 I 0 I Ccondition addrSP ~ SP + Push rp Stack, I/O, and Machine Control GroupI 1 o 1 I R~ data Exchange stack top with Hand L~ SP + Cycles States Flags NoneInstruction SET Programmable Peripheral Interface 8224 8080A-1 8228 8080A-2 8080A M8080-A Page Schottky Bipolar PIN NamesOscillator Functional DescriptionGeneral Clock GeneratorPower-On Reset and Ready Flip-Flops Ststb Status StrobeCharacteristics Crystal RequirementsInput 8pFT42 T01 T02 T03 Toss Characteristics For tCY = 488.28 nsExample TORS tORH tOR FMAXPIN Configuration Block Diagram DbinGeneral BlockSignals Inta None ControlWaveforms Characteristics TA = Oc to 70C Vee = 5V ±5%TE~r Hlda to Read Status OutputsVTH GoUTStstb VCC=5V·-c GND ---. rIntel Silicon Gate MOS 8080 a ?oo .HVee Vss8080A Functional PIN Definition Capacitance CharacteristicsAbsolute Maximum RATINGS· IOl = 1.9mA on all outputsTiming Waveforms =..... -r-DATAIN~I~~~ ~~1 t CYCharacteristics Typical ~ Output Delay VS. a CapacitanceInstruction SET Typical InstructionsSilicon Gate MOS 8080.A Summary of Processor InstructionsInfel Silicon Gate MOS 8080A-1 Symbol Parameter Typ MaxUnit Fft~l ~tOF.I~-t TYPICAL!J. Output Delay VS. ~ Capacitance Infel Silicon Gate MOS 8080 A-2 J1A +10Cout VAOOR/OATA = VSS + O.45VSymbol Parameter Min Unit Test ConditionTypical ~ Output Delay VS. ~ Capacitance Min. Max. Unit Test ConditionPage Intel . Silicon Gate MOS M8080A Ence, arithmetic or logical, rotate Immediate mode or I/O instructionsRegister to regist~r, memory refer Interrupt instructionsSummary of Processor Instructions Llf17Silicon Gate MOS M8080A M8080A Functional PIN DefinitionAbsolute Maximum Ratings IOL = 1.9mA on all outputsOperation Symbol Parameter Min. Max Unit Test Condition Silicon Gate MOS M8080A ~I~Page ROMs 8702A 8704 8708 8316A Page Silicon Gate MOS 8702A Operating Characteristics PIN ConnectionsVoo ~10% Switching Characteristics1N= Vee = V ce\ \ Cs=o.~Characteristics for Programming Operation Operating Characteristics for Programming OperationSymbol Test SYMBOLTESTMIN. TYP. MAX. Unit ConditionsProgramming Operation of the 8702A Switching Characteristics for Programming OperationCS = OV Program OperationIII a Erasing Procedure Operation of the 8702A in Program ModeII. Programming of the 8702A Using Intel Microcomputers Programming Instructions for the 8702APage PIN Configurations Block Diagram PIN NamesIBB CommentIII VOH1Waveforms Symbol Parameter Typ. Max. Unit ConditionsTest Conditions Max UnitParameter Min TpF Program Pulse Fall TimeProgramming Current RnA Program Pulse Amplitude Read/Program/Read Transitions CS/WE = +12V+-------1 150 r PEEEf!1EJEZPlEzz$m=2!·m·· IccSilicon Gate MOS CS=O.O CommentMAX Unit Outa~~~H --4!~--~N-~-TA-AL-~-DU-T--~\ 100 ns 7001 JJ.s200ns 500ns 300 ns Typical Characteristics Cs .. o.~ ~rSilicon Gate MOS Ilkc IlclIlpc ILOConditions of Test for Characteristics CoUTCIN ~ ~ ~ Pppp Mask Option SpecificationsMarking Customer Number OateBlank ~ r ------ + -- t --- . L . ------ rJTitle Card 79-80PIN Configuration Block Diagram Intel Silicon Gate MOS ROM 8316A400 Conditions of Test forCAPACITANCE2 TA = 25C, f = 1 MHz OU~TVALID WaveformsTypical D.C. Characteristics ILICO.N Gate MOS ROM 8316ASTO CustomerNumber Oate Mask Option Speci FicationsTitle Card COM~ANY NameRAMs Page PIN Configuration Logic Symbol Block Diagram Silicon Gate MOS10H = -150 p.A ~E~~=~utP~-t-·7~igh-~\/oltage-~------ ---- --i2-+---=~== ~== OC +----+Conditions of Test 00 ~Page PIN Configuration Logic Symbol Block Diagram Silicon Gate MOSICC1 Symbol Parameter Min. Typ.rIII ICC2Input Pulse Rise and Fall Times 20nsec Write 1~-tAW--.I-----I550 200 Timing Measurement Reference Level VoltPage Silicon Gate MOS Comment Power Dissipation Watt5V to +7V TA = OOC to +70C, Vee = 5V ±5% unless otherwise specifiedCapacitance T a = 25C, f = 1MHz 85o-·-···T+--~~~TL~~~EEt~~~P-.± Conditions of TestTypical A.C. Characteristics ~~~b~.JSilicon Gate MOS 8102A-4 TA = OC to +70 o e, Vcc = 5V ±5% unless otherwise specified 450 230300 Access Time VS LOAD·CAPACITANCE VIN Limits VS. TemperatureAccess Time VS Ambient Temperature Output Source Current VSFully Decoded Random Access BIT Dynamic Memory PIN Configuration Logic Symbol Block DiagramSilicon Gate MOS 81078·4 IOOAV2II.~ IMP~ri~~CERef = Read Cycle4000 Write CycleTypical Characteristics Symbol Parameter Min Max RWc 590 CDNumbers in parentheses are for minimum cycle timing in ns Refresh Power DissipationStandby Power System Interfaces and FilteringTypical System BIT 256 x 4 Static Cmos RAM VOR ICC2VIH VOL VOH IcccrInput Pulse Rise and Fall Times 20nsec Timing Measurement Reference Level Volt~I----- t CW2 ------ . t PIN Configuration Logic Symbol Schottky BipolarConditions of Test Voo- --- ---TPower Supply Current Drain and Power Dissipation All driver outputs are in the state indicatedTypical System Dynamic Memory Refresh Controller Page 8212 8255 8251 Page PIN Configuration Logic Diagram EIGHT-BIT INPUT/OUTPUT PortFunctional Description OS2Are 3-state Basic Schematic SymbolsII. Gated Buffer 3·STATE Gated BufferInterrupt Instruction Port III. Bi-Directional Bus DriverIV. Interrupting Input Port BI-DIRECTIONAL BUS Driver8080 4 VI. Output Port With Hand-ShakingVII Status Latch OvJ \.. -4~Vee Viii SystemOUT SystemIX System DalN-t?!NrJ 1G~D L-~Characteristics Absolute Maximum Ratings·Typical Characteristics 052 ~OUT TpwSwitching Characteristics TA = OC to + 75C Vee = +5V ± 5%12 pF Programmable Peripheral Interface ~~~lEI~S 1-- +SVRead/Write and Control Logic GeneralData Bus Buffer Basic Functional DescriptionGroup a and Group B Controls ResetPIN Configuration Ports A, B, and CDetailed Operational Description Mode SelectionSingle Bit Set/Reset Feature PA 7 ·pAoOperating Modes Mode 0 Basic Input/Output Mode 0 TimingInterrupt Control Functions Mode 0 Port Definition Chart Mode 0 Configurations119 Operating Modes Mode 1 Strobed Input/Output · / ,4Intr Interrupt Request Input Control Signal DefinitionIBF Input Buffer Full F/F Inte aOutput Control Signal Definition InteaOperating Modes Combinations of ModeBi-Directional Bus I/O Control Signal Definition Output OperationsMode 2 Control Word Mode 2 Bi-directional TimingMode 2 Combinations Mode 2 and Mode 0 OutputSource Current Capability on Port B and Port C Special Mode Combination ConsiderationsMode Definition Summary Table Reading Port C StatusKeyboard and Display Interface ApplicationsPrinter Interface Keyboard and Terminal Address InterfacePCO ~.LEFT/RIGHTSilicon Gate MOS Input High Voltage Val Output Low Voltage IOl = 1.6mA Characteristics TA = oc to 70C Vee = +5V ±5% vss = OVVil Input Low Voltage Time From STB = 0 To IBFMode 0 Basic Input Mode 1 Strobed Input Mode 2 Bi-directional Page Programmable Communication Interface ReadlWrite Control logic Reset ResetGeneral ClK ClockTxE Transmitter Empty Modem ControlDSR Data Set Ready DTR Data Termin·al ReadyRxRDY Receiver Ready Receiver BufferReceiver Control RxC Receiver ClockDetailed Operation Description Mode InstructionCommand Instruction ProgrammingAsynchronous Mode Receive Mode Instruction DefinitionAsynchronous Mode Transmission Data C~~RACTERMode Instruction Format, Synchronous Mode Synchronous Mode TransmissionSynchronous Mode Receive Synchronous Mode, Transmission FormatStatus Read Definition Command Instruction DefinitionCommand Instruction Format Status Read FormatSynchronous Interface to Terminal or Peripheral Device Asynchronous Serial Interface to CRT Terminal, DC-9600 BaudAsynchronous Interface to Telephone Lines Synchronous Interface to Telephone LinesCapacitance IccIOL TA = oc to 70C VCC = 5.0V ±5% Vss = OV Symbol Parameter Typ~AST BIT ,----1 RxDSRX ~4IlI RXD~Peripherals Page High Speed 1 OUT of 8 Binary Decoder Enable Gate DecoderSystem Chip Select Decoder Using a very similar circuit to the I/O port decoder, an arPort Decoder 24K Memory InterfaceJJ,.--+-I----.....1 Logic Element Example\lJ IllSymbol VOL VOH Characteristics TA = OOC to +75C, Vee = 5.0V ±5%Typical Characteristics 8205Address or Enable to Output Delay VS. Ambient Temperature Switching Characteristics Conditions of Test Test LoadAddress or Enable to Output Delay VS. Load Capacitance Test WaveformsPIN Configuration ~ R~ ~ Interrupts in Microcomputer Systems Polled MethodInterrupt Method Priority Encoder Current Status RegisterElR, ETlG, ENGl Control SignalsINTE, elK AO, A1, A2Level Controller Basic OperationI I Level ControllerCascading Los Operating CharacteristicsSymbol Parameter Limits Unit Conditions Min Typ.£1 Absolute Maximum RatingsCharacteristics and Waveforms TA = oc to +70C, vcc = +5V ±5% Schottky Bipolar +-......---- n cs 8216 8226Bi-Directional Driver Control Gating OlEN, CSApplications of 8216/8226 Memory and 1/0 Interface to a Bi-directional BusLarge microcomputer systems it is often necessary to pro Input Load Current All Other Inputs VF =0.45 IcC Power Supply Current 120Input Load Current OlEN, CS VF =0.45 Input Leakage Current OlEN, CS VR =5.25VWaveforms OUTPage 8253 8257 8259 Page Programmable Interval Timer It uses nMOS technology ~Jmodesof operation areSystem Interface Block DiagramPreliminary Functional Description System InterfaceProgrammable DMA Controller System Interface Dack 2System Application CS-------It LJJ Peripheral Coming Soon CPU GroupROMs RAMs Intel~~~1 735~It-j Lead Plastic Dual IN-LINE Package P \.--.J.. ~~~l·34o~ Lead CerDIP Dual IN-LINE Package DSales and Marketing Offices Distributors Page Page Page Page Page Page Instruction SET Instruction SET Summary of Processor Instructions By Alphabetical OrderMicrocomputer System Users Registration Card Intel Corporation Microcomputer Systems Bowers Avenue Santa Clara, CAInter
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8080 specifications

The Intel 8085 and 8080 microprocessors were groundbreaking innovations in the world of computing, paving the way for future microprocessor development and personal computing.

The Intel 8080, introduced in 1974, was an 8-bit microprocessor that played a fundamental role in the early days of personal computing. With a 16-bit address bus, it had the capability to address 64 KB of memory. Running at clock speeds of 2 MHz, the 8080 was notable for its instruction set, which included 78 instructions and 246 opcodes. It supported a range of addressing modes including direct, indirect, and register addressing. The 8080 was compatible with a variety of peripherals and played a crucial role in the development of many early computers.

The microprocessor's architecture was based on a simple and efficient design, making it accessible for hobbyists and engineers alike. It included an 8-bit accumulator, which allowed for data manipulation and storage during processing. Additionally, the 8080 featured registers like the program counter and stack pointer, which facilitated program flow control and data management. Its ability to handle interrupts also made it suitable for multitasking applications.

The Intel 8085, introduced in 1976, was an enhancement of the 8080 microprocessor. It maintained a similar architecture but included several key improvements. Notably, the 8085 had a built-in clock oscillator, simplifying system design by eliminating the need for external clock circuitry. It also featured a 5-bit control signal for status line management, which allowed for more flexible interfacing with peripheral devices. The 8085 was capable of running at speeds of up to 3 MHz and had an extended instruction set with 74 instructions.

One of the standout features of the 8085 was its support for 5 extra instructions for stack manipulation and I/O operations, which optimized the programming process. Additionally, it supported serial communication, making it suitable for interfacing with external devices. Its 16-bit address bus retained the 64 KB memory addressing capability of its predecessor.

Both the 8080 and 8085 microprocessors laid the groundwork for more advanced microprocessors in the years that followed. They demonstrated the potential of integrated circuits in computing and influenced the design and architecture of subsequent Intel microprocessors. Their legacy endures in the way they revolutionized computing, making technology accessible to a broader audience, and their influence is still felt in the design and architecture of modern microprocessors today.
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