Creating and Downloading Waveform Files

Understanding Waveform Data

Little Endian Order

The lowest order byte that contains bits 0–7 comes first.

Bit Position

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

15

14

13 12

11 10

9

8

 

Data

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

1 0

1

1 0 1

1

1

Hex values = E9 B7

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LSB

 

 

MSB

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Big Endian Order

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The highest order byte that contains bits 8–15 comes first.

 

Bit Position

15

14

13 12

11 10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Hex values = B7 E9

Data

1

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

 

MSB

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LSB

 

Notice in the previous figure that the LSB and MSB positioning changes with the byte order. In little endian order, the LSB and MSB are next to each other in the bit sequence.

NOTE For I/Q data downloads, the signal generator requires big endian order. For each I/Q data point, the signal generator uses four bytes (two integer values), two bytes for the I point and two bytes for the Q point.

The byte order, little endian or big endian, depends on the type of processor used with your development platform. Intel processors and its clones use little endian. (Intel© is a U.S. registered

trademark of Intel Corporation.) Sun™ and Motorola processors use big endian. The Apple PowerPC processor, while big endian oriented, also supports the little endian order. Always refer to the processor’s manufacturer to determine the order they use for bytes and if they support both, to understand how to ensure that you are using the correct byte order.

Development platforms include any product that creates and saves waveform data to a file. This includes Agilent Technologies Advanced Design System EDA software, C++, MATLAB, and so forth.

The byte order describes how the system processor stores integer values as binary data in memory. If you output data from a little endian system to a text file (ASCII text), the values are the same as viewed from a big endian system. The order only becomes important when you use the data in binary format, as is done when downloading data to the signal generator.

Sun is a trademark or registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries.

Agilent N518xA, E8663B, E44x8C, and E82x7D Signal Generators Programming Guide

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Agilent Technologies N5181A/82A, N5183A MXG, E8663B manual Little Endian Order
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N5183A, N5183A MXG, E8663B, N5181A/82A specifications

Agilent Technologies is renowned for its innovative solutions in electronic test and measurement equipment. Among its offerings are several signal generators including the N5181A, N5182A, E8663B, and N5183A MXG. These models are distinguished not only by their performance but also by their versatility across various applications in communications, aerospace, and electronics.

The Agilent N5181A and N5182A, part of the MXG family, are highly versatile signal generators known for their exceptional frequency performance and flexibility. The N5181A operates from 100 kHz to 6 GHz, while the N5182A extends that range up to 12 GHz. They provide high fidelity signals with low phase noise, making them ideal for the development and testing of RF components and systems. These generators support a wide variety of modulation formats, including AM, FM, PM, and pulse modulation, catering to diverse application needs.

The E8663B, meanwhile, is designed for the range of 250 kHz to 3 GHz and is also recognized for its high-performance features. Its built-in capabilities for modulation make it effective for testing wireless devices, ensuring that signals can be simulated accurately in both laboratory and field environments. It is especially beneficial for users requiring a straightforward and efficient solution with high reliability.

The N5183A MXG signal generator enhances the lineup with frequency coverage up to 6 GHz and advanced capabilities. It integrates various modulation capabilities while ensuring high signal integrity. Its architecture is tailored for both production test environments and research applications, providing users with the flexibility to adapt to changing testing requirements.

Common characteristics across these models include a user-friendly interface that simplifies configuration and operation. They are often equipped with LAN and USB interfaces for easy remote control and integration into automated test systems. The robustness of these generators allows them to perform reliably in challenging environments, making them essential tools in laboratories, manufacturing floors, and field testing scenarios.

In summary, Agilent's signal generators, including the N5181A, N5182A, E8663B, and N5183A MXG, represent a blend of advanced technology, flexibility, and precision. These instruments are vital in facilitating the evolution of cutting-edge communication technologies, ensuring that designers and engineers can confidently meet the demands of modern electronics.
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