Trane SYS-APM001-EN manual Contingency, Minimum capacity required, Type and size of chiller

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System Issues and Challenges

Contingency

Today, many organizations have contingency plans for critical areas of their business. Some deal with natural disasters and others with the loss of power in critical areas. However, few have actually taken the time to think about what a loss of cooling would mean to their facility. If the cooling system failed or was suddenly grossly undersized due to weather, etc., how would that affect business? What financial risk would be involved with a loss of cooling?

Cooling contingency planning is intended to minimize the losses a facility may incur as a result of a total or partial loss of cooling. It allows a building owner to act more quickly by having a plan in place and by proactively preparing his or her facility to accept temporary equipment. Although a number of facilities are prepared after the construction phase, the construction phase provides an easy and cost-effective opportunity to prepare a facility and is a logical time to provide water stub outs and electrical connections. This helps to keep costs down and reduces the need to shut down existing equipment to make necessary building preparations.

Cooling contingency planning is the process of preparing for a loss of cooling while in a non-emergency situation. This allows common sense, rather than panic, to prevail during a critical event. The following topics are general and broad in scope. They provide a sense of what is involved in the planning process. Contingency planning itself is very detailed and situation-specific.

Minimum capacity required

It is important to first identify the minimum capacity required. With multiple chillers in a facility, it may be acceptable to have less tonnage in an emergency situation. For example, a facility’s chiller plant may consist of 1,800 tons [6,330 kW], but the minimum tonnage required may only be 1,200 tons [4,220 kW]. Therefore, it is also important to identify the plan of action if Chiller 1 fails, if Chiller 2 fails, if Chillers 2 and 3 fail, and so on.

Type and size of chiller

The type and size of contingency cooling required by a facility are determined by several factors. In turn, the choice of chiller determines how the facility is prepared. Examples of parameters that determine the chiller are:

•Electrical requirements

•Ease of installation (air-cooled chillers are easier to set up)

•Location or available space

•Comfort or process cooling

SYS-APM001-EN

Chiller System Design and Control

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Contents May Page Chiller System Design and Control Preface Contents 100 Chiller Primary System ComponentsChiller evaporator Primary System ComponentsEffect of chilled-water flow rate and variation Effect of chilled-water temperatureEffect of condenser-water temperature Water-cooled condenserEffect of condenser-water flow rate Packaged or Split System? MaintenanceAir-cooled condenser Air-cooled versus water-cooled condensersEnergy efficiency Low-ambient operationAir-cooled or water-cooled efficiency LoadsTwo-way valve load control Three-way valve load controlFace-and-bypass dampers Variable-speed pump load controlChilled-water pump Chilled-Water Distribution SystemDistribution piping Pump per chillerManifolded pumps Constant flow system Pumping arrangementsVariable-primary system Condenser-Water SystemCooling tower Primary-secondary systemSingle tower per chiller Condenser-water pumping arrangementsEffect of load on cooling tower performance Effect of ambient conditions on cooling tower performanceUnit-Level Controls Chiller controlRecommended chiller-monitoring points per Ashrae Standard Centrifugal chiller with AFD Centrifugal chiller capacity controlAFD on both chillers Small Chilled-Water Systems 1-2 chillers Application ConsiderationsApplication Considerations Constant flow Variable flowCondensing method Part load system operation Application ConsiderationsNumber of chillers Parallel or seriesMid-Sized Chilled-Water Systems Chillers Managing control complexityPreferential vs. equalized loading and run-time Large Chilled-Water Systems + Chillers, District Cooling Large chilled-water system schematicPower Pipe sizeWater Controls Chiller performance testingLimitations of field performance testing Chiller Plant System PerformanceSYS-APM001-EN SYS-APM001-EN Guidance for Chilled- and Condenser-Water Flow Rates System Design OptionsChilled-Water Temperatures Standard rating temperaturesSystem Design Options Condenser-Water Temperatures Chilled- and Condenser-Water Flow RatesStandard rating flow conditions System Design Options Selecting flow rates Low-flow conditions for cooling tower Base Case Low Flow DP2/DP1 = Flow2/Flow11.85System summary at full load Total system power Component Power kW Base Case Low FlowChilled water system performance at part load Coil response to decreased entering water temperatureSystem design Entering fluid temperature, F CCooling-tower options with low flow Smaller towerSame tower, smaller approach ΔT2 = 99.1 78 = 21.1F or 37.3 25.6 = 11.7CSame tower, smaller approach Present Smaller Approach Same tower, larger chillerRetrofit capacity changes Larger Present Chiller Same tower Retrofit opportunitiesCost Implications Misconception 1-Low flow is only good for long piping runs Misconceptions about Low-Flow RatesKWh SYS-APM001-EN Parallel Chillers System ConfigurationsParallel chillers with separate, dedicated chiller pumps System ConfigurationsSeries chillers Series ChillersHydraulic decoupling Primary-Secondary Decoupled SystemsCheck valves Production loop System Configurations ProductionDistribution-loop benefits of decoupled system arrangement System Configurations DistributionCommon CampusTertiary or distributed Tertiary pumping arrangement Decoupled system-principle of operationTemperature-sensing Flow-based controlFlow-sensing Multiple chilled-water plants on a distribution loop Adding a chillerSubtracting a chiller Double-ended decoupled system Pump control in a double-ended decoupled systemChiller sequencing in a double-ended decoupled system Other plant designs Variable-Primary-Flow SystemsOperational savings of VPF designs Advantages of variable primary flowDispelling a common misconception Chiller selection requirementsFlow, ft.water Flow rate Flow-rate changes that result from isolation-valve operation Managing transient water flowsSystem Configurations Effect of dissimilar evaporator pressure drops System design and control requirementsAccurate flow measurement Bypass flow control Chiller sequencing in VPF systemsFlow-rate-fluctuation examples Adding a chiller in a VPF systemSequencing based on load Subtracting a chiller in a VPF systemSelect slow-acting valves to control the airside coils Other VPF control considerationsConsider a series arrangement for small VPF applications Plant configurationChiller selection Guidelines for a successful VPF systemAirside control Plant configurationBypass flow Chiller sequencingPlate-and-frame heat exchanger Heat RecoveryChilled-Water System Variations Condenser Free Cooling or Water EconomizerRefrigerant migration Chilled-Water System VariationsWell, river, or lake water Refrigerant migration chiller in free-cooling modePreferential loading parallel arrangement Preferential LoadingSidestream plate-and-frame heat exchanger Preferential loading sidestream arrangementChilled-Water System Variations Sidestream with alternative fuels or absorptionSidestream system control Preferential loading series arrangementSeries-series counterflow Series-Counterflow ApplicationUnequal Chiller Sizing EvaporatorsCondensers System Issues and Challenges Low ΔT SyndromeAmount of Fluid in the Loop Example System Issues and ChallengesChiller response to changing conditions System response to changing conditionsContingency Minimum capacity requiredType and size of chiller Ancillary equipment System Issues and Challenges Location of equipmentAlternative Energy Sources Water and electrical connectionsPlant Expansion Alternative fuelThermal storage Retrofit Opportunities Applications Outside the Chiller’s RangeFlow rate out of range Precise temperature control System Issues and Challenges Temperatures out of rangePrecise temperature control, multiple chillers Chilled-water pump control Chilled water reset-raising and loweringSystem Controls Chilled-Water System ControlCritical valve reset pump pressure optimization System ControlsNumber of chillers to operate Chillers Difference Condenser-Water System ControlMinimum refrigerant pressure differential VFDs and centrifugal chillers performance at 90% loadCooling-tower-fan control Condenser-water temperature controlChiller-tower energy consumption Chiller-tower energy balanceChiller-tower-pump balance System Controls Variable condenser water flowEffect of chiller load on water pumps and cooling tower fans Decoupled condenser-water systemCDWP-2 Failure recovery Failure RecoveryConclusion Glossary Pumps system GlossaryGlossary Plant. Idea 88th Annual Conference Proceedings 1997 ReferencesEngineering July References102 Ashrae IndexIndex 105 106 Page Trane

SYS-APM001-EN specifications

The Trane SYS-APM001-EN is an advanced control system designed for HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) applications, specifically tailored to enhance energy efficiency and system performance. This comprehensive solution integrates cutting-edge technologies to optimize climate control in commercial and industrial environments.

One of the main features of the SYS-APM001-EN is its intuitive user interface. The system is equipped with a large, easy-to-read display that provides real-time data on system performance, energy usage, and environmental conditions. This user-friendly interface makes it simple for operators to monitor and adjust settings, ensuring optimal comfort levels and efficient energy consumption.

Another key characteristic of the SYS-APM001-EN is its advanced data analytics capabilities. The system collects and analyzes data from various sensors throughout the building, providing insights into occupancy patterns, equipment performance, and energy consumption trends. This data-driven approach allows facility managers to make informed decisions about system adjustments, predictive maintenance, and energy savings.

The SYS-APM001-EN also boasts robust integration capabilities. It can seamlessly connect with a variety of building management systems (BMS) and other third-party devices. This interoperability enables a cohesive operational ecosystem where HVAC systems can communicate and cooperate with lighting, security, and fire safety systems, enhancing overall building efficiency.

Energy efficiency is a hallmark of the SYS-APM001-EN, as it implements sophisticated algorithms to optimize system operation. These algorithms adjust equipment performance in real-time based on current conditions, thereby reducing energy waste and lowering operational costs. The system is designed to support multiple energy-saving strategies, including demand-controlled ventilation and optimal start/stop scheduling.

Additionally, the SYS-APM001-EN is built with scalability in mind, accommodating facilities of various sizes and configurations. Whether it’s a small office building or a large industrial complex, the system can be tailored to meet specific needs, ensuring that HVAC performance aligns with operational goals.

In conclusion, the Trane SYS-APM001-EN is an innovative HVAC control solution that emphasizes user experience, data-driven decision-making, and energy efficiency. With its advanced features and technologies, it is an essential tool for optimizing building performance and enhancing occupant comfort while reducing environmental impact.
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