Main
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Contents
Preface 1 Developing Compaq COBOL Programs
2 Handling Numeric Data
3 Handling Nonnumeric Data
4 Handling Tables
5 Using the STRING, UNSTRING, and INSPECT Statements
6 Processing Files and Records
7 Handling Input/Output Exception Conditions
8 Sharing Files and Locking Records
9 Using the SORT and MERGE Statements
10 Producing Printed Reports
11 Using ACCEPT and DISPLAYStatements for Input/Output and Video Forms
12 Interprogram Communication
13 Using Compaq COBOL in the Alpha Common Language Environment
14 Using the REFORMATUtility
15 Optimizing YourCompaq COBOL Program
16 Managing Memory and Data Access
C ProgrammingProductivity Tools
D Porting to Compaq COBOL from Other Compilers
Index Examples
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Figures
Tables
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Preface
Intended Audience
Document Structure
Associated Documents
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/LIST (OpenVMS qualifier or NT option) -list (Tru64 UNIX flag or NT option)
References
The following table shows certain references and their respective meanings in this manual:
Acknowledgment
How to Order Additional Documentation
Readers Comments
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Developing Compaq COBOL Programs
1.0.1 Files Installed on Your System
1.1 Compaq COBOL and Alpha Architecture System Resources
1.1.1 Compilation Performance
-O0
1.1.2 Tuning OpenVMS Alpha for Large Compaq COBOL Compiles
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1.1.3 Choosing a Reference Format
-ansi
1.2 Developing Programs on Tru64 UNIX
prog1.cob
emacs
1.2.1 Creating a Compaq COBOL Program on Tru64 UNIX
Figure 11 Commands for Developing Compaq COBOL Programs on Tru64 UNIX
18 Developing Compaq COBOL Programs
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1.2.2 Compiling a Compaq COBOL Program on Tru64 UNIX
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-xref
-xref_stdout
-o
-tps
calc
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1.2.3 Linking a Compaq COBOL Program on Tru64 UNIX
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setuid
setgid
libX
-non_shared
cc
1.2.4 Running a Compaq COBOL Program on Tru64 UNIX
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1.2.5 Program Development Stages and Tools
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1.3 Developing Programs on OpenVMS Alpha
1.3.1 Creating a Compaq COBOL Program on OpenVMS Alpha
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1.3.2 Compiling a Compaq COBOL Program on OpenVMS Alpha
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Table14 COBOL Command Qualiers
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Table14 (Cont.) COBOL Command Qualiers
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1.3.3 Linking a Compaq COBOL Program
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1.3.4 Running a Compaq COBOL Program
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1.4 Program Run Messages
1.4.1 Data Errors
1.4.2 Program Logic Errors
1.4.3 Run-Time Input/Output Errors
1.4.4 I/O Errors and RMS (OpenVMS)
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1.5 Using Program Switches
1.5.1 Setting and Controlling Switches Internally
1.5.2 Setting and Controlling Switches Externally
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1.6 Special Information for Year 2000 Programming
1.6 Special Information for Year 2000 Programming
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Handling Numeric Data
2.1 How the Compiler Stores Numeric Data
2.2 Specifying Alignment
2.2 Specifying Alignment
2.3 Sign Conventions
-convert leading_blanks
-check decimal
2.4 Invalid Values in Numeric Items
2.4 Invalid Values in Numeric Items
2.5 Evaluating Numeric Items
2.5.1 Numeric Relation Test
2.5 Evaluating Numeric Items
2.5.2 Numeric Sign Test
2.5.3 Numeric Class Tests
2.5 Evaluating Numeric Items
2.5.4 Success/Failure Tests
2.6 Using the MOVE Statement
2.6.1 Elementary Numeric Moves
2.6.2 Elementary Numeric-Edited Moves
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2.6.3 SubscriptedMoves
2.6.4 CommonMove Errors
2.7 Usingthe Arithmetic Statements
2.7.1 Temporary Work Items
2.7.2 Standard and Native Arithmetic
-math_intermediate
-math_intermediate float
standard
2.7.3 Specifying a Truncation Qualier
2.7.4 Using the ROUNDED Phrase
2.7.5 Usingthe SIZE ERROR Phrase
2.7.6 Using the GIVING Phrase
2.7.7 Multiple Operands in ADD and SUBTRACT Statements
2.7.8 Common Errors in Arithmetic Statements
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Handling Nonnumeric Data
3.1 Storage of Nonnumeric Data
3.1 Storage of Nonnumeric Data
3.2 Data Organization
3.2.1 Group Items
3.2.2 Elementary Items
3.2 Data Organization
3.3 Special Characters
3.4 Testing Nonnumeric Items
3.4.1 Relation Tests of Nonnumeric Items
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3.4.2 Class Tests for Nonnumeric Items
3.5 Data Movement
3.5 Data Movement
3.6 Using the MOVE Statement
3.6.1 Group Moves
3.6.2 Elementary Moves
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3.6.3 MultipleReceiving Items
3.6.4 SubscriptedMoves
3.6.5 Common Nonnumeric Item MOVE Statement Errors
3.6.6 Using the MOVE CORRESPONDING Statement for Nonnumeric Items
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Handling Tables
4.1 Dening Tables
4.1.1 Dening Fixed-Length, One-Dimensional Tables
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4.1.2 Dening Fixed-Length, Multidimensional Tables
4.1.3 Dening Variable-Length Tables
4.1.4 Storage Allocation for Tables
-map
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4.2 Initializing Values of Table Elements
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4.3 Accessing Table Elements
4.3.1 Subscripting
4.3.2 Subscripting with Literals
4.3.3 Subscriptingwith Data Names
4.3.5 Relative Indexing
4.3.6 Index Data Items
4.3.7 Assigning Index Values Using the SET Statement
4.3.8 Identifying Table Elements Using the SEARCH Statement
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Using the STRING, UNSTRING, and INSPECT Statements
5.1 Concatenating Data Using the STRING Statement
5.1.1 Multiple Sending Items
5.1.2 Using the DELIMITED BY Phrase
AYER MA. 01432
5.1.3 Using the POINTER Phrase
5.1.4 Using the OVERFLOW Phrase
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5.1.5 Common STRING Statement Errors
5.2 Separating Data Using the UNSTRING Statement
5.2.1 Multiple Receiving Items
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5.2.2 ControllingMoved Data Using the DELIMITED BY Phrase
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5.2.3 Using the COUNT Phrase
5.2.4 Saving UNSTRING Delimiters Using the DELIMITER Phrase
5.2.5 Controlling UNSTRING Scanning Using the POINTER Phrase
5.2.6 Counting UNSTRING Receiving Items Using the TALLYINGPhrase
5.2.7 Exiting an UNSTRING Statement Using the OVERFLOW Phrase
5.2.8 Common UNSTRING Statement Errors
5.3 Examining and Replacing Characters Using the INSPECT Statement
5.3.1 Using the TALLYINGand REPLACING Options of the INSPECT Statement
5.3.2 Restricting Data Inspection Using the BEFORE/AFTER Phrase
5.3.3 Implicit Redenition
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Table510 ValuesResulting from Implicit Rede nition
5.3.4 Examiningthe INSPECT Operation
"B"FOR ALL BEFORE "A"
TALLYING TLY
INSPECT FIELD1
INSPECT FIELD1 REPLACING
"0"ALL BY "$"
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5.3.5 The TALLYINGPhrase
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5.3.6 Using the REPLACING Phrase
BY
"."BEFORE
";"ALL
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5.3.7 Usingthe CONVERTING Option
5.3.8 CommonINSPECT Statement Errors
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Processing Files and Records
6.1 Dening Files and Records
6.1.1 File Organization
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ltf(4)
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... ...
6.1.2 Record Format
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6.1.3 File Design
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/dev/rmt0(a,l,m,h)
/dev/rmt31(a,l,m,h)
mtio(7)
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setenv(3)
6.2.2 Specifying File Organization and Record Access Mode
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6.3 Creating and Processing Files
6.3.1 Opening and Closing Files
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6.3.2 FileHandling for Sequential and Line Sequential Files
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6.3.3 File Handling for Relative Files
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Table65 ValidI/O Statements for Relative Files
6.3.4 FileHandling for Indexed Files
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6.4 Reading Files
6.4.1 Reading a Sequential or Line Sequential File
6.4.2 Reading a Relative File
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6.4.3 Reading an Indexed File
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6.5 UpdatingFiles
6.5.1 Updatinga Sequential or Line Sequential File
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6.5.2 Updating a Relative File
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6.5.3 Updatingan Indexed File
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6.6 Backing Up Your Files
Handling Input/Output Exception Conditions
7.1 Planning for the ATEND Condition
7.1 Planning for the AT END Condition
7.2 Planning for the Invalid Key Condition
7.2 Planning for the Invalid Key Condition
7.3 Using File Status Values and OpenVMS RMS Completion Codes
7.3.1 File Status Values
7.3.2 RMS Completion Codes (OpenVMS)
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7.4 Using Declarative USE Procedures
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Sharing Files and Locking Records
8.1 Controlling Access to Files and Records
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8.1 Controlling Access to Files and Records
8.2 Choosing X/Open Standard or Compaq Standard File Sharing and Record Locking
-std [no]xopen
8.2 Choosing X/Open Standard or Compaq Standard File Sharing and Record Locking
noxopen
/etc/groups
8.3 Ensuring Successful File Sharing
8.3.1 Providing Disk Residency
8.3.2 Using File Protection
chmod, ls, open,
umask
8.3.3 Determining the Intended Access Mode to a File
8.3.4 Specifying File Access Using X/Open Standard File Sharing
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8.3.5 SpecifyingFile Access Using Compaq Standard File Sharing
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8.3.6 Error Handling for File Sharing
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8.4 Ensuring Successful Record Locking
8.4.1 X/Open Standard Record Locking
8.4.2 Compaq Standard Record Locking
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8.4.3 Error Handling for Record Locking
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Using the SORT and MERGE Statements
9.1 Sorting Data with the SORT Statement
9.1.1 File Organization Considerations for Sorting
9.1.2 Specifying Sort Parameters with the ASCENDING and DESCENDING KEY Phrases
9.1.3 Resequencing Files with the USING and GIVING Phrases
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9.1.5 Maintaining the Input Order of Records Using the WITH DUPLICATES IN ORDER Phrase
9.1.6 Specifying Non-ASCII Collating Sequences with the COLLATING SEQUENCE IS Alphabet-Name Phrase
9.1.7 Multiple Sorting
9.1.8 SortingVariable-Length Records
9.1.9 Preventing I/O Aborts
9.1.10 Sorting Tables
9.1.11 Sorting at the Operating System Level
9.2 Merging Data with the MERGE Statement
9.3 Sample Programs Using the SORT and MERGE Statements
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Producing Printed Reports
10.1 Designing a Report
10.2 Components of a Report
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10.3 Accumulating and Reporting Totals
10.4 The Logical Page and the Physical Page
Figure 102 Subtotals, Crossfoot Totals, and Rolled Forward Totals
Producing Printed Reports 105
10.4 The Logical Page and the Physical Page
10.4 The Logical Page and the Physical Page
10.5 Programming a Conventional File Report
10.5.1 Dening the Logical Page in a Conventional Report
10.5.2 Controlling the Spacing in a Conventional Report
10.5.3 Advancing to the Next Logical Page in a Conventional Report
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10.5.4 Printing the Conventional Report
10.5.5 A Conventional File Report Example
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10.6 Programming a Linage-File Compaq COBOL Report
10.6.1 Dening the Logical Page in a Linage-File Report
10.6.2 Controlling the Spacing in a Linage-File Report
10.6.3 Using the LINAGE-COUNTER
10.6.4 Advancing to the Next Logical Page in a Linage-File Report
10.6.5 Programming for the End-of-Page and Page-Overow Condition
Figure 107 A 28-Line Logical Page
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10.6.6 Printinga Linage-File Report
10.6.7 A Linage-File Report Example
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10.7 Modes for Printing Reports
10.7.1 Directly Allocating a Printer
10.7 Modes for Printing Reports
10.7.2 Spooling to a Mass Storage Device
10.8 Programming a Report Writer Report
10.8.1 Using the REPORT Clause in the File Section
10.8.2 Dening the Report Section and the Report File
10.8.3 Dening a Report Writer Logical Page with the PAGE Clause
10.8.4 Describing Report Group Description Entries
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10.8.5 Vertical Spacing for the Logical Page
10.8.6 Horizontal Spacing for the Logical Page
10.8.7 Assigning a Value in a Print Line
10.8.8 Dening the Source for a Print Field
10.8.9 Specifying Multiple Reports
10.8.10 Generating and Controlling Report Headings and Footings
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10.8.11 Dening and Incrementing Totals
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10.8.12 Restricting Print Items
10.8.13 Processing a Report Writer Report
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10.8.14 Selecting a Report Writer Report Type
10.9 Report Writer Examples
10.9.1 Input Data
10.9.2 EX1006Detail Report Program
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10.9.3 EX1007Detail Report Program
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Figure 1016 EX1007.LIS Listing
1056 Producing Printed Reports
Figure 1016 (Cont.) EX1007.LIS Listing
10.9.4 EX1008Detail Report Program
Producing Printed Reports 1057
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10.9.5 EX1009Detail Report Program
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Figure 1018 EX1009.LIS Listing
Producing Printed Reports 1073
Figure 1018 (Cont.) EX1009.LIS Listing
10.9.6 EX1010Summary Report Program
1074 Producing Printed Reports
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Figure 1019 EX1010.LIS Listing
Producing Printed Reports 1081
10.10 Solving Report Problems
10.10.1 PrintingMore Than One Logical Line on a Single Physical Line
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10.10.2 GroupIndicating
10.10.3 FittingReports on the Page
10.10.4 Printing Totals Before Detail Lines
10.10.5 Underlining Items in Your Reports
10.10.6 Bolding Items in Your Reports
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Using ACCEPT and DISPLAY Statements for Input/Output and Video Forms
11.1 Using ACCEPT and DISPLAY for I/O
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11.1 Using ACCEPT and DISPLAYfor I/O
11.2 Designing Video Forms with ACCEPT and DISPLAY Statement Extensions
11.2.1 Clearing a Screen Area
11.2.2 Horizontal and Vertical Positioning of the Cursor
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11.2.3 Assigning Character Attributes to Your Format Entries
11.2.4 Usingthe CONVERSION Phrase to Display Numeric Data
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11.2.5 Handling Data with ACCEPT Options
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11.2.6 Using Terminal Keys to Dene Special Program Functions
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Figure 1110 Compaq COBOL Control Keys on the Standard VT100 Keypad and Keyboard
Figure 1111 Compaq COBOL Control Keys on a Typical VT200 or Later Keypad and Keyboard
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Figure 1112 Screen Display of Program SPECIAL
11.2.7 Using the EDITING Phrase
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11.3 Designing Video Forms with Screen Section ACCEPT and DISPLAY
11.3.1 UsingScreen Section Options
Table114 (Cont.) Character Attribute Clauses for Screen Description Formats
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Interprogram Communication
cobcancel
12.1 Multiple COBOL Program Run Units
12.1.1 Examples of COBOL Run Units
12.1 Multiple COBOL Program Run Units
12.1.2 Calling Procedures
12.1 Multiple COBOL Program Run Units
cobfunc, cobcall, cobcancel
12.2 COBOL Program Attributes
12.2 COBOL Program Attributes
12.2.1 The INITIAL Clause
12.2 COBOL Program Attributes
12.2.2 The EXTERNAL Clause
12.3 Transferring Flow of Control
12.3.1 The CALL Statement
12.3.2 Nesting CALL Statements
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12.3.3 The EXIT PROGRAM Statement
12.4 Accessing Another Programs Data Division
Figure 122 Transfer of Control Flow from a Main Program to Multiple Subprograms
The GLOBAL clause (see Section 12.5.2)
Interprogram Communication 129
12.4.1 The USING Phrase
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12.4.2 The Linkage Section
12.5 Communicating with Contained COBOL Programs
12.5.1 The COMMON Clause
12.5.2 The GLOBAL Clause
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12.6 Calling Compaq COBOL Programs from Other Languages
12.6.1 Calling COBOL Programs from C
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main
pic(9)
arg4
arg2, arg3,
arg1
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12.7 Calling Non-COBOL Programs from Compaq COBOL
12.7.1 Calling a Fortran Program
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12.7.2 Calling a BASIC Program
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12.7.3 Calling a C Program
12.8 Special Considerations for Interprogram Communication
12.8.1 CALL and CANCEL Arguments
cobcancel
nlist
12.8.2 Calling OpenVMS Alpha Shareable Images (OpenVMS)
-names uppercase
-names as_is
-names uppercase
-names as_is
12.8.5 Additional Information
Using Compaq COBOL in the Alpha Common Language Environment
man -k
13.1 Routines, Procedures, and Functions
13.1 Routines, Procedures, and Functions
13.2 The OpenVMS Alpha Calling Standard (OpenVMS)
13.2.1 Register and Stack Usage
13.2 The OpenVMS Alpha Calling Standard (OpenVMS)
13.2.2 Return of the Function Value
13.2.3 The Argument List
13.3 OpenVMS Alpha System Routines (OpenVMS)
13.3 OpenVMS Alpha System Routines (OpenVMS) 13.3.1 OpenVMS Alpha Run-Time Library Routines
13.3.2 System Services
13.3 OpenVMS Alpha System Routines (OpenVMS)
13.4 CallingRoutines
13.4.1 Determiningthe Type of Call (OpenVMS)
13.4.2 Dening the Argument (OpenVMS)
13.4.3 Calling the External Routine (OpenVMS)
13.4.4 Calling System Routines (OpenVMS)
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Table134 (Cont.) COBOL Implementation of the OpenVMS Alpha Data Types(OpenVMS)
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13.4.5 Checking the Condition Value (OpenVMS)
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13.4.6 Locating the Result (OpenVMS)
13.5 Establishing and Removing User Condition Handlers (OpenVMS)
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13.6 Examples (OpenVMS)
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libdef.mar
Using the REFORMAT Utility
14.1 Running the REFORMAT Utility
14.1 Running the REFORMATUtility
14.2 ANSI-to-Terminal Format Conversion
14.2 ANSI-to-TerminalFormat Conversion
14.3 Terminal-to-ANSI Format Conversion
14.3 Terminal-to-ANSIFormat Conversion
14.4 REFORMAT Error Messages
stdin
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-tune keyword
option
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15.3 Using COMP Data Items for Speed
pixie
prof
15.4 Other Ways to Improve the Performance of Operations on Numeric Data
15.4.1 Mixing Scale Factors and Data Types
15.4.2 Limiting Signicant Digits
15.4.3 Reducing the Compexity of Arithmetic Expressions
15.4 Other Ways to Improve the Performance of Operations on Numeric Data
15.5 Choices in Procedure Division Statements
15.5.1 Using GO TO DEPENDING ON Instead of IF,GO TO
15.5 Choices in Procedure Division Statements 15.5.2 Using Indexing Instead of Subscripting
15.5.3 Using SEARCH ALL Instead of SEARCH
15.5.4 Selecting Hypersort for Sorting Tasks
15.6 I/O Operations
15.6.1 Using the APPLY Clause
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15.6.2 Using Multiple Buffers
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Figure 151 Sharing Record Areas
1514 Optimizing YourCompaq COBOL Program
15.6.4 Using COMP Unsigned Longword Integers
15.7 Optimizing File Design (OpenVMS)
15.7.1 Sequential Files
15.7.2 Relative Files
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15.7.3 Indexed Files
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15.8 Image Activation Optimization (Tru64 UNIX)
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16.1 Managing Memory Granularity
16.2 Using the VOLATILE Compiler Directive
16.3 Aligning Data for Performance and Compatibility
16.3.1 Data Boundaries
16.3 Aligning Data for Performance and Compatibility
16.3.2 DataField Padding
16.3.3 AlignmentDirectives, Qualiers, and Flags
16.3 Aligning Data for Performance and Compatibility
16.3.4 Specifying Alignment at Compile Time
16.4 Using Alignment Directives, Qualiers, and Flags
16.4.1 Order of Alignment Operations
16.4.2 NestingAlignment Directives
16.4.3 Comparing Alignment Directive Effects
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A
Compiler Implementation Specications
Page
Compiler Implementation Specications
Page
B
Compaq COBOL for OpenVMS VAX and Compaq COBOL Compatibility and Migration
B.1 Compatibility Matrix
Page
B.1 Compatibility Matrix
B.2 Differences in Extensions and Other Features
-display_formatted
-arithmetic
-convert leading_blanks
B.2 Differences in Extensions and Other Features
B.3 Command-Line Qualiers (Options or Flags)
HELP
B.3.1 Qualiers and Flags Shared by Compaq COBOL and Compaq COBOL for OpenVMS VAX
B.3.2 Compaq COBOL Specic Qualiers and Flags
Page
-V
-v
-align padding
-xref
B.3.3 Qualiers Only on Compaq COBOL for OpenVMS VAX
-std syntax
-warn all
B.4 Compaq COBOL and Compaq COBOL for OpenVMS VAX Behavior Differences
B.4.1 Program Structure Messages
-O0
B.4.2 Program Listing Differences
-noobject
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Page
Page
B.4.3 Output Formatting
B.4.4 Compaq COBOL and Compaq COBOL for OpenVMS VAX Statement Differences
Page
B.4.5 System Return Codes
Page
B.4.6 Diagnostic Messages
B.4.7 Storage for Double-Precision Data Items
B.4.8 File Status Values
B.4.9 RMS Special Registers (OpenVMS)
B.4.10 Calling Shareable Images
B.4.11 Sharing Common Blocks (OpenVMS)
B.4.12 Arithmetic Operations
-check decimal
-math_intermediate cit3
B.5 Compaq COBOL Differences Across Operating Systems
B.5.1 REWRITE
B.5.2 File Sharing and Record Locking
B.5.3 VFC File Format
B.5.4 File Attribute Checking
B.5.5 Indexed Files
B.5.6 RMS Special Register References in Your Code
B.5.7 Time and Fractional Seconds
B.6 File Compatibility Across Languages and Platforms
B.6 File Compatibility Across Languages and Platforms
B.7 LIB$INITIALIZE Interaction Between C and COBOL
B.8 Reserved Words
B.9 Debugger Support Differences
B.9 Debugger Support Differences
B.10 DECset/LSE Support Differences
B.11 DBMS Support
B.11.1 Compiling on Tru64 UNIX and Windows NT
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C
Programming Productivity Tools
emacs
sccs
rcs
C.2 Debugging Tools for Compaq COBOL Programs
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C.2 Debugging Toolsfor Compaq COBOL Programs
C.3 Ladebug Debugger (Tru64 UNIX)
(ladebug)
help
-o
-g3
run
(ladebug)
ladebug
list
stop disp- count of testa-data
watch
where
q
C.4 OpenVMS Debugger (OpenVMS)
C.4.1 Noteson Compaq COBOL Support
C.4.2 Noteson Debugging Optimized Programs
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C.5 Language-Sensitive Editor (LSE) and the Source Code Analyzer (SCA) (OpenVMS)
C.5.1 Notes on Compaq COBOL Support
C.5.2 Preparing an SCA Library
C.5.3 Startingand Terminating an LSE or an SCA Session
C.5.4 Compiling from Within LSE
C.6 Using Oracle CDD/Repository (OpenVMS)
C.6.1 Creating Record and Field Denitions
C.6.2 Accessing Oracle CDD/Repository Denitions from Compaq COBOL Programs
C.6.3 Recording Dependencies
C.6.4 Data Types
TableC1 Oracle CDD/Repository Data Types
C.6.5 For More Information
For more information about Oracle CDD/Repository, refer to the following manuals:
D
Porting to Compaq COBOL from Other Compilers
D.1 Porting Assistance
Page
Porting to Compaq COBOL from Other Compilers D.1 Porting Assistance
D.2 Flagged Foreign Extensions
D.3 Implemented Extensions
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Index
A
B
C
Page
Page
Page
Page
D
Page
E
F
Page
G
H
I
Page
J
K
L
Page
M
N
Page
O
P
Q
R
Page
Page
S
Page
Page
T
U
V
W
X
Y