ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY
Management of cooling water quality
Quality control of cooling water
The cooling water of an | gradually be degraded. As the water and air always come in contact with |
perature of the cooling water using vaporized | each other in the cooling tower, sulfurous acid gas, dust, sand and etc. in |
At this time, the water is evaporated and dissolved salts. Hardness mate- | the atmosphere will mix into the water, further degrading the water qual- |
rials sulfate ion, etc. in the water will increase. Namely, condensation | ity. In the cooling water system, problems with water are caused by these |
phenomena of such materials occurs in the water, and water quality will | factors. Typical problems are corrosion, scales and slimes. |
Water treatment
SUPER ABSORPTION
Table 19. Water quality standard values for cooling water and chilled water
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| Cooling water system | Chilled water system | Tendency | |||
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| Recirculating type | Once through | Recirculating | Corrosive | Scale forming | ||
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| Recirculating | (One way) type | below 20° C | ||||
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| pH(25° C) |
| 6.5 to 8.2 | 6.0 to 8.0 | 6.8 to 8.0 | 6.8 to 8.0 | 6.8 to 8.0 |
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| Electrical | (ms / m) | 80 or less | 30 or less | 40 or less | 40 or less | 30 or less |
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| conductivity 25° C |
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Chloride ion | 200 or less | 50 or less | 50 or less | 50 or less | 50 or less |
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Sulfate ion | 200 or less | 50 or less | 50 or less | 50 or less | 50 or less |
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Standard |
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Acid consumption | (mgCaCO3 / I) | 100 or less | 50 or less | 50 or less | 50 or less | 50 or less |
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pH 4.8 |
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| Total hardness | (mgCaCO3 / I) | 200 or less | 70 or less | 70 or less | 70 or less | 70 or less |
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| Calcium hardness | (mgCaCO3 / I) | 150 or less | 50 or less | 50 or less | 50 or less | 50 or less |
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| Ionic silica | (mgSiO2 / I) | 50 or less | 30 or less | 30 or less | 30 or less | 30 or less |
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As with any system utilizing an open or closed loop water circuit, the use of water treatment is a necessity to insure long life and efficient operation of the entire system.
Impurities in the water such as scale, dirt, bacteria, etc. will adhere to heat transfer surfaces causing a loss of efficiency, higher operating costs, and a potential for mechanical damage.
Proper and continued water treatment by a reputable water treatment company should be continued for the life of the equipment. Water treat-
ment specialists can also help determine the necessary time intervals for tube inspections and/or tube brushing/cleaning.
Added attention must be given on retrofit jobs when the existing piping is reused. Air infiltration into the piping will cause a rapid
| Iron | (mgFe / I) | 1.0 or less | 0.3 or less | 1.0 or less | 1.0 or less | 0.3 or less | |
| Copper | (mgCu / I) | 0.3 or less | 0.1 or less | 1.0 or less | 1.0 or less | 0.1 or less | |
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items | Sulfide ion | No detected | No detected | No detected | No detected | No detected | ||
Ammonium ion | (mgNH4+ / I) | 1.0 or less | 0.1 or less | 1.0 or less | 1.0 or less | 0.1 or less | ||
Reference | Residual chlorine | (mgCI / I) | 0.3 or less | 0.3 or less | 0.3 or less | 0.3 or less | 0.3 or less | |
Free carbon | (mgCO2 / ) | 4.0 or less | 4.0 or less | 4.0 or less | 4.0 or less | 4.0 or less | ||
dioxide | ||||||||
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| Ryzner stability | (RSI) | 60 to 7.0 | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
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Figure 69. Temperature control of cooling water
Table 20. Water quality standard values for
Automatic three way control valve
MV
From chiller
Cooling
Water pump
To chiller
Cooling water thermostat for
Constant flow | Cooling tower |
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blow valve |
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Water supply
Blow
Chemicals adding pump
Chemicals tank
Cooling water thermostat for cooling tower fan
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| Tendency | ||||
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| Lower level (20 to 60° C) | Higher level (60 to 90° C) | Corrosive | Scale forming | |||
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| Recirculating | Recirculating |
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| pH(25° C) |
| 7.0 to 8.0 | 7.0 to 8.0 | 7.0 to 8.0 |
| 7.0 to 8.0 |
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| Electrical | (ms / m) | 30 or less | 30 or less | 30 or less |
| 30 or less |
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| conductivity 25° C |
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Chloride ion | 50 or less | 50 or less | 30 or less |
| 30 or less |
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Standard | Sulfate ion | 50 or less | 50 or less | 30 or less |
| 30 or less |
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Acid consumption | (mgCaCO3 / I) | 50 or less | 50 or less | 50 or less |
| 50 or less |
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| pH 4.8 |
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| Total hardness | (mgCaCO3 / I) | 70 or less | 70 or less | 70 or less |
| 70 or less |
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| Calcium hardness | (mgCaCO3 / I) | 50 or less | 50 or less | 50 or less |
| 50 or less |
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| Ionic silica | (mgSiO2 / I) | 30 or less | 30 or less | 30 or less |
| 30 or less |
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| Iron | (mgFe / I) | 1.0 or less | 1.0 or less | 1.0 or less |
| 0.3 or less |
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| Copper | (mgCu / I) | 1.0 or less | 1.0 or less | 1.0 or less |
| 0.1 or less |
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items | Sulfide ion | No detected | No detected | No detected |
| No detected |
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Ammonium ion | (mgNH4+ / I) | 0.3 or less | 0.1 or less | 0.1 or less |
| 0.1 or less |
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Reference | dioxide | (mgCI / I) | 0.25 or less | 0.3 or less | 0.1 or less |
| 0.3 or less |
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| Residual chlorine |
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| Free carbon | (mgCO2 / ) | 4.0 or less | 4.0 or less | 4.0 or less |
| 4.0 or less |
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| Ryzner stability | (RSI) | *** | *** | *** |
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Notes :
1)The nomenclature of items, definition of terms and units shall comply with the JIS K 0101.
2)The mark K indicates factors affecting the corrosive or
3)When temperature is high (above 40° C), corrosiveness generally increases.
Especially, when the iron/steel surface has no protective film and directly contacts water,
it is desirable to adequately take countermeasures against corrosion, such as the addition of a corrosion inhibitor and deaeration treatment.
4)As for the cooling water system using a closed type cooling tower, the water quality standard for
the
5)City water, industrial water and ground water shall be used as source water, and demineralized water reclaimed water, softened water, etc. shall be excluded.
6)The 15 items listed above show typical factors of corrosion and scale problems.
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