Siemens M7-400, S7-400 12.3.1 Pin Assignments of the AT Module

M7-400 Expansions

12-16 S7-400, M7-400 Programmable Controllers Module Specifications

A5E00069467-07

12.3.1 Pin Assignments of the AT Module

Pin Assignments

The ATM 478 AT adapter module has a 98-pin standard direct connector for short

AT modules (see Figure 12-8).

16 bit data

8 bit data

Figure 12-8 ATM 478 AT Adapter Module, 98-Pin Standard Direct Connector

See the following table for the pin assignments of the 98-pin standard direct

connector.

Contents

Main ! Notice Qualified Personnel Correct Usage Trademarks Preface Changes Compared to the Previous Version Certification CE Labeling C-Tick Mark Standards Page Page Specific Information for M7-400 Recycling and Disposal Further Support Training Centers Preface A&D Technical Support Worldwide, available 24 hours a day: Service & Support on the Internet Page Contents Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page General Technical Specifications What are General Technical Specifications? 1.1 Standards and Approvals IEC 61131-2 CE Mark EMC Directive Explosion Protection Guidelines Page or cULus Approval, Hazardous Location or cULus Approvals, Hazardous Location for Relay Modules HAZ. LOC. Page Page FM Approval 1.2 Electromagnetic Compatibility Definition of EMC Sinusoidal Interference Emission of Radio Interference System Perturbation 1.3 Shipping and Storage Conditions for Modules and Backup Batteries Page 1.4 Mechanical and Ambient Climatic Conditions for Operating the S7-400/M7-400 Operating Conditions Use with Additional Measures Reducing Vibrations 1-16 1-17 1.5 Information on Insulation Tests, Protection Class and Degree of Protection Test Voltages 1-19 1.6 Using S7-400 in a zone 2 explosionrisk area You will find important information in different languages in the chapters below. 1.6.1 Einsatz der S7-400 im explosionsgefhrdeten Bereich Zone 2 Zone 2 Weitere Informationen Fertigungsort Zulassung Instandhaltung Besondere Bedingungen Liste der zugelassenen Baugruppen 1.6.2 Use of the S7-400 in a Zone 2 Hazardous Area Zone 2 Further Information Production Location Maintenance Special Conditions List of Approved Modules 1.6.3 Utilisation du S7-400 dans un environnement risque d'explosion en zone 2 Zone 2 Informations complmentaires Lieu de production Entretien Conditions particulires Liste des modules homologus 1.6.4 Aplicacin de la S7-400 en reas con peligro de explosin, zona 2 Zona 2 Otras informaciones Lugar de fabricacin Homologacin Mantenimiento Condiciones especiales Lista de los mdulos homologados 1.6.5 Impiego dell'S7-400 nell'area a pericolo di esplosione zona 2 Zona 2 Ulteriori informazioni Luogo di produzione Manutenzione Condizioni particolari Elenco delle unit omologate 1.6.6 Gebruik van de S7-400 in het explosief gebied zone 2 Zone 2 Verdere informatie Productieplaats Vergunning Instandhouding Speciale voorwaarden Lijst van de toegelaten modulen 1.6.7 Brug af S7-400 i det eksplosionfarlige omrde zone 2 Zone 2 Yderligere informationer Produktionssted Vedligeholdelse Srlige betingelser Liste over godkendte komponenter 1.6.8 S7-400:n kytt rjhdysvaarannetuilla alueilla, vyhyke 2 Vyhyke 2 Listietoja Valmistuspaikka Kunnossapito Erityiset vaatimukset Hyvksyttyjen rakenneryhmien lista 1.6.9 Anvndning av S7-400 i explosionsriskomrde zon 2 Zon 2 Ytterligare information Tillverkningsort Underhll Srskilda villkor Lista ver godknda komponentgrupper 1.6.10 Uso do S7-400 em rea exposta ao perigo de exploso 2 Zona 2 Mais informaes Local de produo Licena Reparo Condies especiais Lista dos componentes autorizados 1.6.11 S7-400 , 2 2 Page Racks 2-1 Racks 2.1 Function and Structure of the Racks Structure of the Racks UL/CSA Note 2.2 The Racks UR1; (6ES7400-1TA01-0AA0) and UR2; (6ES7400-1JA01-0AA0) Suitable Modules for UR1 and UR2 Structure of the UR1 and UR2 Technical Specifications of the UR1 and UR2 Racks 2.3 The Rack UR2-H; (6ES7400-2JA00-0AA0) Suitable Modules for the UR2-H Structure of the UR2-H Technical Specifications of the UR2-H Rack 2.4 The Rack CR2; (6ES7401-2TA01-0AA0) Suitable Modules for the CR2 Structure of the CR2 Technical Specifications of the CR2 Rack 2.5 The Rack CR3; (6ES7401-2TA01-0AA0) Suitable Modules for CR 3 Structure of the CR3 Technical Specifications of the CR3 Rack 2.6 The Racks ER1; (6ES7403-1TA01-0AA0) and ER2; (6ES7403-1JA01-0AA0) Suitable Modules for ER1 and ER2 Racks 2-10 Structure of ER1 and ER2 Technical Specifications of the ER1 and ER2 Racks 3-1 Power Supply Modules 3.1 Common Characteristics of the Power Supply Modules Tasks of the Power Supply Modules Page 3.2 Redundant Power Supply Modules Order Numbers and Function Redundant Operation Configuring a Redundant Power Supply Page 3.3 Backup Battery (Option) Power Supply Modules With Two Backup Batteries: Technical Specifications of the Backup Battery Example for the Calculation of Backup Times 3.4 Controls and Indicators Meaning of the LEDs INTF, 5 VDC, 24 VDC BAF, BATTF BAF, BATT1F, BATT2F Battery Voltage on the Backplane Bus Function of the Operator Controls Cover 3-13 3.5 Fault/Error Messages via LEDs Overview of the Fault/Error Messages INTF, 5 VDC, 24 VDC Page Overload at 24 V Overload at 5 V 3-16 BAF, BATTF 3-17 BAF, BATT1F, BATT2F Nothing is indicated about the condition of any second battery that may be in use. 3-18 3.6 Power Supply Module PS 407 4A; (6ES7407-0DA00-0AA0) 3-20 Technical Specifications of the PS 407 4A 3.7 Power Supply Module PS 407 4A; (6ES7407-0DA01-0AA0) 3-22 Polarity Reversal of L+ and L- Technical Specifications of the PS 407 4 A 3-23 3.8 Power Supply Modules PS 407 10A; (6ES7407-0KA01-0AA0) and PS 407 10A R; (6ES7407-0KR00-0AA0) Controls and Displays of the PS 407 10A and thge PS 407 10A R Page 3-25 Technical Specifications of the PS 407 10A and the PS 407 10A R * PS 407 10A: As of version 5 * PS 407 10A R: As of version 7 3.9 Power Supply Module PS 407 20A; (6ES7407-0RA00-0AA0) 3-27 Technical Specifications of the PS 407 20 A 3.10 Power Supply Module PS 407 20A (6ES7407-0RA01-0AA0) 3-29 Polarity Reversal of L+ and L- Technical Specifications of the PS 407 20 A 3.11 Power Supply Module PS 405 4A; (6ES7405-0DA00-0AA0) 3-31 Technical Specifications of the PS 405 4 A 3.12 Power Supply Module PS 405 4A; (6ES7405-0DA01-0AA0) 3-33 Technical Specifications of the PS 405 4 A 3.13 Power Supply Module PS 405 10A; (6ES7405-0KA00-0AA0) 3-35 Technical Specifications of the PS 405 10 A 3-36 3.14 Power Supply Modules PS 405 10A; (6ES7405-0KA01-0AA0) and PS 405 10A R; (405-0KR00-0AA0) Controls and Displays of the PS 405 10A and the PS 405 10A R 3-37 Technical Specifications of the PS 405 10A and the PS 405 10A R 3.15 Power Supply Module PS 405 20A; (6ES7405-0RA00-0AA0) 3-39 Technical Specifications of the PS 405 20 A 3.16 Power Supply Module PS 405 20A; (6ES7405-0RA01-0AA0) 3-41 Technical Specifications of the PS 405 20 A Page Digital Modules Structure of the Chapter 4-2 4-3 4.1 Module Overview Table 4-1 Digital Input Modules: Characteristics at a Glance 4-4 Table 4-2 Digital Output Modules: Characteristics at a Glance Characteristics Table 4-3 Relay Output Module: Characteristics at a Glance 4.2 Sequence of Steps from Choosing to Commissioning the Digital Module Sequence of Steps 4.3 Digital Module Parameter Assignment Tools for Parameter Assignment Static and dynamic parameters 4-7 4.3.1 Parameters of the Digital Input Modules 4-8 4.3.2 Parameters of the Digital Output Modules 4.4 Diagnostics of the Digital Modules Programmable and Non-Programmable Diagnostic Messages Actions Following Diagnostic Message in STEP 7 Reading Out Diagnostic Messages Diagnostics Using the INTF and EXTF LEDs Diagnostic Messages of the Digital Modules 4-11 Causes of Errors and Remedial Measures for Digital Modules 4-12 4.5 Interrupts of the Digital Modules Enabling Interrupts Special Feature: The Module is Inserted in ER-1/ER-2 Diagnostic Interrupt Hardware Interrupt Hardware Interrupt Lost Interrupt-Triggering Channels 4.6 Input Characteristic Curve for Digital Inputs Input Characteristic Curve for Digital Inputs IEC 61131, Type 1 in the Case of the Digital Input Module (6ES7421-1BL01-0AA0) 4.7 Digital Input Module SM 421; DI 32 24 VDC (6ES7421-1BL00-0AA0) Functional Expansion as of Version 03 4-18 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the Digital Input Module SM 421; DI 32 x 24 VDC Figure 4-2 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 32 24 VDC Page 4.8 Digital Input Module SM 421; DI 32 24 VDC; (6ES7421-1BL01-0AA0) 4-21 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 32 24 VDC Figure 4-3 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 32 24 VDC Page 4.9 Digital Input Module SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC; (6ES7421-7BH00-0AB0) 4-24 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC Figure 4-4 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC 4-25 Terminal Assignment Diagram for Redundant Supply of Sensors Vs M L+ 1 L+ 2 L+ to the sensors Digital input module Technical Specifications of the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC Page 4-27 4.9.1 Assigning Parameters to the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC Parameters of the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC Assignment of the Encoder Supplies to Channel Groups Optimum Signal Propagation Delay 4.9.2 Behavior of the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC Effect of Operating Mode and Supply Voltage on the Input Values Behavior upon Failure of the Supply Voltage Short-Circuit of Sensor Supply Vs 4-30 Effect of Errors and Parameter Assignment on the Input Values Behavior when the Input Delay Equals 0.1 ms and an Error Occurs 4.10 Digital Input Module SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC; (6ES7421-7BH01-0AB0) 4-33 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC Figure 4-6 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC 4-34 Terminal Assignment Diagram for Redundant Supply of Sensors Vs M L+ 1 L+ 2 L+ to the sensors Digital input module Technical Specifications of the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC 4-36 4.10.1 Assigning Parameters to the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC Parameters of the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC Assignment of the Encoder Supplies to Channel Groups Optimum Signal Propagation Delay 4.10.2 Behavior of the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC Effect of Operating Mode and Supply Voltage on the Input Values Behavior upon Failure of the Supply Voltage Short-Circuit of Sensor Supply Vs 4-39 Effect of Errors and Parameter Assignment on the Input Values Behavior when the Input Delay Equals 0.1 ms and an Error Occurs Page 4-42 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 421; DI 16 120 VAC Figure 4-8 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 421; DI 16 120 VDC Page 4.12 Digital Input Module SM 421; DI 16 24/60 VUC; (6ES7 421-7DH00-0AB0) 4-45 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 16 24/60 VUC Figure 4-9 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 16 24/60 VUC 4-46 Technical Specifications of the SM 421; DI 16 24/60 VUC break monitoring. modules. The values have been adapted as much as possible to IEC 61131. 4.12.1 Assigning Parameters to the SM 421; DI 16 24/60 VUC Parameters of the SM 421; DI 16 24/60 VUC Optimum Signal Propagation Delays Page Page 4-51 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 16 120/230 VUC Figure 4-11 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 16 120/230 VUC Page Page 4-54 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 16 120/230 VUC Figure 4-12 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 16 120/230 VUC 4-55 Technical Specifications of the SM 421; DI 16 Page 4-57 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 32 120 VUC Figure 4-13 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 421; DI 32 120 VUC Page 4.16 Digital Output Module SM 422; DO 16 24 VDC/2 A; (6ES7422-1BH10-0AA0) 4-60 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 422; DO 16 24 VDC/2 A Figure 4-14 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 422; DO 16 24 VDC/2 A 1st supply group 2nd supply group 3rd supply group 4th supply group 5th supply group 6th supply group 7th supply group 8th supply group 4-61 Technical Specifications of the SM 422; DO 16 24 VDC/2 A 4.17 Digital Output Module SM 422; DO 16 24 VDC/2 A; (6ES7422-1BH11-0AA0) A Note about Commissioning 4-63 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 422; DO 16 24 VDC/2 A Figure 4-15 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 422; DO 16 24 VDC/2 A 1st supply group 2nd supply group 3rd supply group 4th supply group 5th supply group 6th supply group 7th supply group 8th supply group 4-64 Technical Specifications of the SM 422; DO 16 24 VDC/2 A Page 4-66 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 422; DO 16 20-125 VDC/1.5 A Figure 4-16 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 422; DO 16 20-125 VDC/1.5 A 4-67 Technical Specifications of the SM 422; DO 16 20-125 VDC/1.5 A Page 4.18.1 Assigning Parameters to the SM 422; DO 16 20-125 VDC/1.5 A Parameters of the SM 421; DO 16 20-125 VDC/1.5 A Assigning the No Load Voltage L+ Diagnosis to Channel Groups 4.19 Digital Output Module SM 422; DO 32 24 VDC/0.5 A; (6ES7422-1BL00-0AA0) 4-71 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 422; DO 32 24 VDC/0.5 A Figure 4-17 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 422; DO 32 24 VDC/0.5 A 4-72 Technical Specifications of the SM 422; DO 32 24 VDC/0.5 A 4.20 Digital Output Module SM 422; DO 32 24 VDC/0.5 A; (6ES7422-7BL00-0AB0) 4-74 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 422; DO 32 24 VDC/0.5 A Figure 4-18 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 422; DO 32 24 VDC/0.5 A Process Module Page 4-76 4-77 4.20.1 Assigning Parameters to the SM 422; DO 32 24 VDC/0.5 A Parameters of the SM 422; DO 32 24 VDC/0.5 A 4.20.2 Behavior of the SM 422; DO 32 24 VDC/0.5 A Effect of Operating Mode and Supply Voltage on the Output Values Behavior in the Event of Failure of the Supply Voltage Page 4-80 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 422; DO 8 120/230 VAC/5 A Figure 4-19 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 422; DO 8 120/230 VAC/5 A 4-81 Technical Specifications of the SM 422; DO 8 120/230 VAC/5 A Page Page 4-84 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 422; DO 16 120/230 VAC/2 A Figure 4-20 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 422; DO 16 120/230 VAC/2 A 4-85 Technical Specifications of the SM 422; DO 16 120/230 VAC/2 A Page 4.23 Digital Output Module SM 422; DO 16 20-120 VAC/2 A; (6ES7422-5EH00-0AB0) 4-88 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 422; DO 16 20-120 VAC/2 A Figure 4-21Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 422; DO 16 20-120 VAC/2 A Page 4.23.1 Assigning Parameters to the SM 422; DO 16 20-120 VAC/2 A Parameters of the SM 422; DO 16 20-120 VAC/2 A Page 4-92 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 422; DO 16 30/230 VUC/Rel. 5 A Figure 4-22 Terminal Assignment and Block Diagram of the SM 422; DO 16 30/230 VUC/Rel. 5 A 4-93 Technical Specifications of the SM 422; DO 16 30/230 VUC/Rel. 5 A Page Analog Modules Structure of the Chapter STEP 7 Blocks for Analog Functions 5-2 5-3 5.1 Module Overview Table 5-1 Analog Input Modules: Characteristics at a Glance 5-4 Table 5-1 Analog Input Modules: Characteristics at a Glance, continued Page 5.2 Sequence of Steps from Choosing to Commissioning the Analog Modules Sequence of Steps 5.3 Analog Value Representation Converting Analog Values Analog Value Representation with 16-Bit Resolution Bit 15 Can Be Interpreted as a Sign Resolution Less than 16 Bits 5.3.1 Analog Value Representation for Analog Input Channels Notes for Readers of the Tables Measured-Value Resolution 5-9 5-10 Binary Representation of the Input Ranges The input ranges shown in Tables 5-6 to 5-8 are defined in twos complement representation: 5-11 Analog Value Representation in Voltage Measuring Ranges 5-12 5-13 Analog Value Representation in Current Measuring Ranges 5-14 Analog Value Representation for Resistance-Type Sensors 5-15 Analog Value Representation for Resistance Thermometers Pt x00 Standard Table 5-16 Analog Value Representation for Resistance Thermometers Pt 100, 200, 500,1000 Analog Value Representation for Resistance Thermometers Pt x00 Climatic Table 5-17 Analog Value Representation for Resistance Thermometers Pt 100, 200, 500,1000 5-16 Analog Value Representation for Resistance Thermometers Ni x00 Standard Table 5-18 Analog Value Representation for Resistance Thermometers Ni100, 120, 200, 500, 1000 Analog Value Representation for Resistance Thermometers Ni x00 Climatic Table 5-19 Analog Value Representation for Resistance Thermometers Ni 100, 120, 200, 500, 1000 5-17 Analog Value Representation for Resistance Thermometers Cu 10 Standard Table 5-20 Analog Value Representation for Resistance Thermometers Cu 10 Analog Value Representation for Resistance Thermometers Cu 10 Climatic Table 5-21 Analog Value Representation for Resistance Thermometers Cu 10 5-18 Analog Value Representation for Themocouple Type B Table 5-22 Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type B Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type E Table 5-23 Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type E 5-19 Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type J Table 5-24 Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type J Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type K Table 5-25 Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type K 5-20 Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type L Table 5-26 Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type L Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type N Table 5-27 Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type N 5-21 Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Types R, S Table 5-28 Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Types R, S Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type T Table 5-29 Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type T 5-22 Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type U Table 5-30 Analog Value Representation for Thermocouple Type U 5-23 5.3.2 Analog Value Representation for Analog Output Channels Notes on How to Read the Tables Binary Representation of the Output Ranges The output ranges shown in Tables 5-31 to 5-33 are defined in twos complement representation: 5-24 5-25 5-26 Analog Value Representation in Voltage Output Ranges 5-27 Analog Value Representation in Current Output Ranges 5.4 Setting the Measuring Method and Measuring Ranges of the Analog Input Channels Two Procedures Setting the Measuring Method and the Measuring Ranges with Measuring Range Modules Possible Settings for the Measuring Range Modules Page Page 5-31 5.5 Behavior of the Analog Modules 5.5.1 Effect of Supply Voltage and Operating Mode Behavior on Failure of the Supply Voltage 5.5.2 Effect of Range of Values of the Analog Values Effect of Errors on Analog Modules with Diagnostics Capability Effect of Range of Values on the Analog Input Module Effect of Range of Values on the Analog Output Module 5.5.3 Effect of Operational Limit and Basic Error Limit Operational Limit Basic Error Limit Example of Determination of the Output Error of a Module 5.6 Conversion, Cycle, Setting and Response Time of Analog Modules Conversion Time of Analog Input Channels Scan Time of Analog Input Channels Page Additional Information on Smoothing Conversion Time of the Analog Output Channels Scan Time of Analog Output Channels Basic Execution Time of the Analog Output Channels Tip Overview of the Settling Time and Response Time of the Analog Output Modules Settling Time Response Time 5.7 Analog Module Parameter Assignment Tools for Parameter Assignment Static and Dynamic Parameters 5-40 5.7.1 Parameters of the Analog Input Modules 5-41 5.7.2 Parameters of the Analog Output Modules 5.8 Connecting Sensors to Analog Inputs Cables for Analog Signals Non-Isolated Analog Input Modules Isolated Analog Input Modules Limited Potential Difference U Connection of Isolated Measuring Sensors Non-Isolated Sensors Connecting Non-Isolated Sensors 5.9 Connecting Voltage Sensors Abbreviations and Mnemonics Used in the Figure Below Connection of Voltage Sensors 5.10 Connecting Current Sensors Supply Voltage of the Sensors 5-48 Connecting Two-Wire Transmitters SM 431; 8 x 13 Bit: Connecting Two-Wire Transmitters 5-49 Connecting Four-Wire Transmitters Figure 5-13 Connecting Four-Wire Transmitters to an SM 431; 8 x 13 Bit * Connection required in the case of modules with M Figure 5-12 Connecting Four-Wire Transmitters to an AI SM 431; 8 x 13 Bit: Connecting Four-Wire Transmitters 5.11 Connecting Resistance Thermometers and Resistors Connecting Resistance Thermometers and Resistors Four-Conductor Connection of a Resistance Thermometer Three-Conductor Connection of a Resistance Thermometer Two-Conductor Connection of a Resistance Thermometer 5.12 Connecting Thermocouples Design of Thermocouples Principle of Operation of Thermocouples 5-54 Compensation of the Reference Junction Temperature Theory of Operation of Internal Compensation Theory of Operation of External Compensation with Compensating Box Connection of Thermocouples without Compensation or Using the Reference Temperature Value Connecting the Compensating Box 5-57 Recommended Compensating Box Connecting to the Comparison Point (Order No. M72166-xxx00) Connecting Thermocouples and Resistance Thermometers 5.13 Connecting Loads/Actuators to Analog Outputs Cables for Analog Signals Isolated Analog Output Modules 5.14 Connecting Loads/Actuators to Voltage Outputs Connecting Loads to a Voltage Output Four-Conductor Connection of Loads to a Voltage Output 5-61 Two-Conductor Connection of Loads to a Voltage Output 5.15 Connecting Loads/Actuators to Current Outputs Abbreviations and Mnemonics Used in the Figure Below Connecting Loads to a Current Output 5.16 Diagnostics of the Analog Modules Programmable and Non-Programmable Diagnostic Messages Actions Following Diagnostic Messages in STEP 7 Reading out Diagnostic Messages Diagnostic Message in the Measured Value of Analog Input Modules Diagnostic Messages of the Analog Input Modules 5-65 Causes of Errors and Remedial Measures for Analog Input Modules 5-66 5.17 Analog Module Interrupts Enabling Interrupts Special Feature: The Module is Inserted in ER-1/ER-2 Diagnostic Interrupt Hardware Interrupt with Trigger Upper or Lower Limit Exceeded Structure of the Start Information Tag OB40_POINT_ADDR of OB 40 Hardware Interrupt on Trigger Reached End of Scan Cycle 5.18 Analog Input Module SM 431; AI 8 13 Bit; (6ES7431-1KF00-0AB0) Block Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 13 Bit 5-72 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 13 Bit Figure 5-26 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 x 13 Bit ment Resistance mea- Voltage measurement Current measure- surement Technical Specifications of the SM 431; AI 8 13 Bit 5-74 5.18.1 Commissioning the SM 431; AI 8 13 Bit You set the mode of operation of the SM 431; AI 8 13 Bit in STEP 7. 5.18.2 Measuring Methods and Measuring Ranges of the SM 431; AI 8 13 Bit Wiring for Resistance Measurement Page 5.19 Analog Input Module SM 431; AI 8 14 Bit; (6ES7 431-1KF10-0AB0) Block Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 14 Bit 5-78 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 14 Bit Figure 5-28 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 x 14 Bit Thermocouples Resistance measurement Resistance thermometer 5-79 Technical Specifications of the SM 431; AI 8 14 Bit 5-80 5-81 5-82 5.19.1 Commissioning the SM 431; AI 8 14 Bit Measuring Range Module 5-84 5.19.2 Measuring Methods and Measuring Ranges of the SM 431; AI 8 14 Bit Circuit Variants for the Channels Wiring for Resistance and Temperature Measurement Wiring for Junction Compensation for Thermocouples 5-87 5-88 Page 5.20 Analog Input Module SM 431; AI 8 14 Bit; (6ES7431-1KF20-0AB0) Block Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 14 Bit 5-91 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 14 Bit Figure 5-31 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 x 14 Bit Current measurement Resistance measurement 5-92 Technical Specifications of the SM 431; AI 8 14 Bit 5-93 5.20.1 Commissioning the SM 431; AI 8 14 Bit Measuring Range Modules Filter Settling Time with Strong Smoothing Step Response with Strong Smoothing 5.20.2 Measuring Methods and Measuring Ranges of the SM 431; AI 8 14 Bit Circuit Variants of the Channels Circuit for Resistance Measurement Page 5.21 Analog Input Module SM 431; AI 16 13 Bit; (6ES7431-0HH00-0AB0) Block Diagram of the SM 431; AI 16 x 13 Bit 5-101 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 431; AI 16 x 13 Bit Figure 5-34 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 431; AI 16 x 13 Bit 5-102 Technical Specifications of the SM 431; AI 16 x 13 Bit 5-103 5.21.1 Commissioning the SM 431; AI 16 13 Bit Measurement Range Modules 5.21.2 Measuring Methods and Measuring Ranges of the SM 431; AI 16 13 Bit Circuit Variants of the Channels Page 5.22 Analog Input Module SM 431; AI 16 16 Bit; (6ES7431-7QH00-0AB0) 5-108 Block Diagram of the SM 431; AI 16 16 Bit Figure 5-35Block Diagram of the SM 431; AI 16 x 16 Bit 5-109 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 431; AI 16 16 Bit Figure 5-36 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 431; AI 16 x 16 Bit Thermocouples Resistance measurement Resistance thermometer Page 5-111 5-112 5-113 5.22.1 Commissioning the SM 431; AI 16 16 Bit Measuring Range Module 5-115 A Point to Note About Channels for Hardware Interrupts with the End of Scan Cycle Trigger Page 5.22.2 Measuring Methods and Measuring Ranges of the SM 431; AI 16 16 Bit Circuit Variants for the Channels 5-118 Circuit for Resistance and Temperature Measurement Circuit for Reference Junction Compensation for Thermocouples 5-119 5-120 Page 5.23 Analog Input Module SM 431; AI 8 RTD 16 Bit; (6ES7 431-7KF10-0AB0) Calibration Software 5-123 Block Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 RTD 16 Bit S7-400 Figure 5-38 Block Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 x RTD x 16 Bit 5-124 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 RTD 16 Bit Figure 5-39 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 x RTD x 16 Bit 5-125 Technical Specifications of the SM 431; AI 8 RTD 16 Bit 5-126 5.23.1 Commissioning the SM 431; AI 8 RTD 16 Bit You set the mode of operation of the SM 431; AI 8 RTD 16 Bit in STEP 7. 5-127 Page 5.23.2 Measuring Methods and Measuring Ranges of the SM 431; AI 8 RTD 16 Bit 5.24 Analog Input Module SM 431; AI 8 16 Bit; (6ES7431-7KF00-0AB0) Calibration Software 5-131 Block Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 16 Bit S7-400 Figure 5-41 Block Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 x 16 Bit 5-132 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 431; AI 8 16 Bit Figure 5-42 Terminal Assignment Diagram SM 431; AI 8 x 16 Bit 5-133 Technical Specifications of the SM 431; AI 8 16 Bit 5-134 5-135 5.24.1 Commissioning the SM 431; AI 8 16 Bit You set the mode of operation of the SM 431; AI 8 16 Bit in STEP 7. Step Response 5-137 Step Response at an Interference Frequency Suppression of 10 Hz Step Response at an Interference Frequency Suppression of 50 Hz 5-138 Step Response at an Interference Frequency Suppression of 60 Hz Step Response at an Interference Frequency Suppression of 400 Hz 5.24.2 Measuring Methods and Measuring Ranges of the SM 431; AI 8 16 Bit 5-140 You set the measuring ranges by means of the Measuring Range parameter in 5.25 Analog Output Module SM 432; AO 8 13 Bit; (6ES7432-1HF00-0AB0) Block Diagram of the SM 432; AO 8 x 13 Bit 5-142 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 432; AO 8 x 13 Bit Figure 5-48 Terminal Assignment Diagram of the SM 432; AO 8 x 13 Bit Voltage output Current output 5-143 Technical Specifications of the SM 432; AO 8 x 13 Bit 5-144 5.25.1 Commissioning the SM 432; AO 8 13 Bit Assigning Parameters to Channels 5.25.2 Output Ranges of the Analog Output Module SM 432; AO 8 13 Bit Wiring the Analog Outputs Output Ranges Page 6-1 Interface Modules You will find a description of the IM 463-2 in Chapter 7. 6.1 Common Features of the Interface Modules Configuration Overview of the Properties of the Connections 6-3 Connection possibilities for central racks and expansion racks Rules for Connection Terminator Connecting Cable Installation and Removal of the Modules During Operation 6-7 Position of the Operator Controls and Indicators of the IM 460-0 and IM 461-0 Parameter Assignment for the Mounting Rack Number 6-9 Technical Specifications of the IM 460-0 and IM 461-0 6-10 Position of the Operator Controls and Indicators of the IM 460-1 and IM 461-1 Parameter Assignment for the Mounting Rack Number 6-12 Page 6-14 Position of the Operator Controls and Indicators of the IM 460-3 and IM 461-3 Parameterization 6-16 Page 6-18 6.5 The Interface Modules IM 460-4; (6ES7460-4AA01-0AB0) and IM 461-4; (6ES7461-4AA01-0AA0) Position of the Operator Controls and Indicators of the IM 460-4 and IM 461-4 Parameterization 6-20 Page Page 7-1 IM 463-2 Order Number 7.1 Using SIMATIC S5 Expansion Units in an S7-400 Area of Application Basic Requirement Expanding the Distributed Connection 7.2 Rules for Connecting S5 Expansion Units 7.3 Operator Controls and Indicators LEDs Interface Selector Switch Cable Length Selector Selector 7.4 Installing and Connecting the IM 463-2 Preparing the Connecting Cable Plugging in the Connecting Cable Selecting the Interface Selecting the Cable Length 7.5 Setting the Operating Modes of the IM 314 Setting the S5 Expansion Unit Setting the Address Area 7-10 7.6 Configuring S5 Modules for Operation in the S7-400 Figure 7-3 Connection Variant for CCs and EUs via the IM 463-2 and IM 314 Central mounting rack further EU 184U, EU 187U (central) 7-11 7.7 Pin Assignments of the 721 Connecting Cable 7-12 7-13 7.8 Terminating Connector for IM 314 7-14 7.9 Technical Specifications (6ES74632AA000AA0) Page 8.1 PROFIBUS DP Master Interface IM 467/IM 467 FO Order Numbers Application Configuration Communication Services 8-4 8.1.1 Indicators and the Mode Selector LED The LED plate on the front panel of the IM 467/ IM 467 FO has the following four indicators: IM Operating Mode The LEDs indicate the operating mode of the IM in accordance with the following table: Controlling the Operating Mode Mode Selector Loadable Firmware 8.2 Configuration Module Replacement Without a Programming Device Multiprocessor Operation Configuration and Diagnostics Cannot Be Carried Out Simultaneously Prerequisites 8.3 Connection to PROFIBUS DP 8.3.1 Bus Connector Maximum Cable Lengths for PROFIBUS DP 8-9 Connector Pin Assignment 8.3.2 Optical Connection to PROFIBUS DP PROFIBUS FO bus cable Figure 8-5 Optical Connection to PROFIBUS DP 8.3.3 Connecting a Fiber-Optic Cable to the IM 467 FO Accessories Required Installing Connectors Reusing Fiber-Optic Cables Inserting the Fiber-Optic Cables into the IM 467 FO Bending Radius for the Fiber-Optic Cable 8-12 8.4 Technical Specifications 8.4.1 Technical Specifications of the IM 467 6ES7467-5GJ02-0AB0. 8.4.2 Technical Specifications of the IM 467 FO 6ES7 467-5FJ00-0AB0 Page Cable Duct and Fan Subassemblies 9.1 Fan Monitoring in the Fan Subassemblies LEDs Fans Fan Monitoring Signaling Concept Example Status: All fans operating 9.2 Cable Duct; (6ES7408-0TA00-0AA0) Front View of the Cable Duct 9.3 The 120/230 VAC Fan Subassembly; (6ES7408-1TB00-0XA0) Operator Controls and Indicators on the 120/230 VAC Fan Subassembly Fuse Monitoring Function 9.4 The 24 VDC Fan Subassembly; (6ES7408-1TA00-0XA0) Operator Controls and Indicators on the 24 VDC Fan Subassembly Installation Wiring Signaling Concept Fuse Monitoring Function RS 485 Repeater In this Chapter Further Information 10.1 Application and Characteristics (6ES7972-0AA01-0XA0) What is an RS 485 Repeater? Application of the RS 485 Repeater Rules 10.2 Appearance of the RS 485 Repeater; (6ES7972-0AA01-0XA0) 10.3 RS 485 Repeater in Ungrounded and Grounded Operation Grounded or Ungrounded Grounded Operation of the RS 485 Repeater Ungrounded Operation of the RS 485 Repeater Terminal Connection Diagram Isolation Between Bus Segments RS 485 Repeater 10-6 Amplification of the Bus Signals 10.4 Technical Specifications Technical Specifications of the RS 485 Repeater Pin Assignment of the Sub-D Connector (PG/OP Socket) RS 485 Repeater Block Diagram of the RS 485 Repeater Page CPUs for M7-400 In this Chapter 11.1 Performance Features 11.2 Technical Specifications 11.3 Function Elements General View CPUs for M7-400 11-5 CPU Elements The following table gives the meanings of the individual elements of the CPU 486-3 and CPU 488-3. 11.3.1 Status and Fault LEDs Status and Fault LEDs Page 11.3.2 Memory Cards Memory Card Drive Assignment Boot Sequence Formatting 11.3.3 Mode Selector Switch Mode Selector Switch Positions of the Mode Selector Switch Activating MRES 11.3.4 Submodule Receptacles for Interface Submodules Submodule Receptacle Definition Numbering on the Submodule Receptacles Submodule Covers 11.3.5 Memory Submodules Suitable for the Main Memory Main Memory Expansion Inserting the Memory Submodules 11.3.6 Expansion Socket Which Expansions Can Be Connected? 11.3.7 Multipoint Interface (MPI) X1 Interface Suitable Devices Connectors 11.4 The BIOS Setup Overview Remote Setup 11.4.1 BIOS Power Up Power Up without Error Message Power Up with Warnings Power Up with Error Message Behavior in the Event of Serious Errors Warm Restart 11.4.2 BIOS Hot Keys BIOS Hot Keys 11.4.3 Operator Inputs in the BIOS Setup Definition of the Setup Fields Key Control within the Setup Menu Page 11.4.4 Opening and Exiting the BIOS Setup Opening the Setup Menu Exiting the BIOS Setup 11.4.5 Setup Page User Help 11.4.6 Setup Page IF modules Accepting Edited Values Select Submodule Number I/O Base (Gray Type) Type Configured + Detected (Gray Type) Interrupt Source Shared Dest. DMA Request Config. Index Value (Gray Type) SIG Source 11.4.7 Setup Page Timeout Function 11.4.8 Setup Page Security Password 11.4.9 Setup Page Date and Time 11.4.10 Hard Disk Setup Page Translation Mode Block Mode 32 Bits Fast PIO 11.4.11 Setup Page Floppy/Card What is the Purpose of the Setup Page? Drive A Drive B 11.4.12 Setup Page Boot Options What is the Purpose of the Setup Page? Boot Sequence Page 11.4.13 Setup Page System System Cache DEFAULT Button 11.5 I/O Addresses, Main Memory and Interrupt Assignments Memory Assignment Keeping Memory Areas Free SRAM Area Memory Areas for AT Cards I/O Address Area I/O Address Area for AT Adapter Modules CPUs for M7-400 11-42 Interrupt Assignment 12-1 M7-400 Expansions 12.1 Overview Expansion Socket Behavior on the S7-400 Backplane Bus Maximum Expansion Page Permissible Combinations Rules for the Combinations 12.2 EXM 478 Expansion Module; (6ES7 478-2AC00-0AC0) 12.2.1 Addressing the EXM 478 Expansion Module Addressing in the M7-400-Specific I/O Address Area Numbering of the Submodule Receptacles 12-9 12-10 Division of Addresses in the M7-400-Specific I/O Address Area Addresses Within an Expansion Module Base Addresses of the Interface Submodules 12-12 12.2.2 Interrupt Assignments, Signal Switching EXM 478 Interrupt Assignment Shared Interrupt Signal Switching 12.2.3 Technical Specifications of the EXM 478 Expansion Module Technical Specifications of the EXM 478 12.3 ATM 478 AT Adapter Module; (6ES7 478-2CA00-0AC0) 12.3.1 Pin Assignments of the AT Module Pin Assignments 12-17 12-18 12-19 12.3.2 Technical Specifications of the ATM 478 AT Adapter Module Technical Specifications of the ATM 478 The table below contains the technical specifications of the ATM 478 AT adapter module: Calculation of Power Consumption Example of Power Loss Calculation Permissible Dimensions of AT Modules 12.4 MSM 478 Mass Storage Module; (6ES7 478-2BA00-0AC0) System Integration BIOS Setup 12.4.1 LPT1 Parallel Port 12-24 12-25 12.4.2 Technical Specifications of the MSM 478 Mass Storage Module Technical Specifications of the MSM 478 The table below contains the technical specifications of the MSM mass storage module: 478 Page 13-1 Interface Submodules 13.1 Interface Submodules Overview Handling ESD Guidelines Slots/Submodule Receptacle Numbers Addressing in the M7-300/400 - Reserved I/O Address Area Interrupt Assignments Shared Interrupt Signal Switching 13-4 13.2 Submodule IDs and Insertion Rules Submodule IDs The following table contains an overview of the submodule IDs for the interface submodules. Insertion Rules 13.3 IF 962-VGA Interface Submodule for M7-300/400; (6ES7962-1BA00-0AC0) 13-6 13.3.1 Pin Assignments Socket X1 VGA Screen Connection Socket X2 Keyboard Connection 13.3.2 Addressing, Interrupts, and Submodule ID 13.3.3 Technical Specifications 13-9 Operating Modes 13.4 IF 962-COM Interface Submodule for M7-300/400; (6ES7962-3AA00-0AC0) What Can be Connected to the Ports? 13.4.1 Pin Assignments Socket X1, X2 COMa, COMb 13.4.2 Addressing and Interrupts Example of Setting an AT-Compatible I/O Address Addressing in the M7-300/400-Reserved I/O Address Ares Configuration Register COM Ports Data Formats Transmission Speed 13.4.3 Technical Specifications 13.5 IF 962-LPT Interface Submodule for M7-300/400; (6ES7962-4AA00-0AC0) 13.5.1 Pin Assignments 13.5.2 Addressing and Interrupts Example of Setting an AT-Compatible I/O Address Default Settings in the BIOS Configuration register Parallel Port 13.5.3 Technical Specifications 13.6 IF 961-DIO Interface Submodule for M7-300/400; (6ES7961-1AA00-0AC0) 13-24 13.6.1 Pin Assignments 13-25 13-26 13.6.2 Addressing and Interrupts Digital Input Function Tables 13-22 and 13-23 give an overview of the digital input function. 13-27 Digital Output Function Tables 13-24 and 13-25 give an overview of the digital output function. Acknowledgment Register 13-28 Interrupt Register Interrupt Enable Register Tables 13-30 and 13-31 give an overview of the interrupt enable register. 13-29 Selection Register Rising Edge Selection Register Falling Edge Mode Register Reset Status 13-31 13.6.3 Technical Specifications The IF 961-DIO interface submodule receives its supply voltage from the M7-400 13-32 13.7 IF 961-AIO Interface Submodule for M7-300/400; (6ES7961-2AA00-0AC0) Special Feature of the Measuring Range Selection and Output Range Selection 13-34 13.7.1 Pin Assignments and Terminal Connection Diagram Use only shielded cables for connecting the inputs and outputs. 13-35 Meaning of Signals The following table shows the meanings of the signals in Figure 13-10. Circuit Block Diagram Figure 13-11 shows the circuit block diagram of the IF 961-AIO interface submodule. Grounding for the Analog Inputs Grounding for the Analog Outputs 13.7.2 Connecting Measured Value Sensors to Analog Inputs Connecting Measured Value Sensors to Analog Inputs Unswitched Channels Isolated Measured Value Sensors 13-39 Non-Isolated Measured Value Sensors Connection of Voltage Sensors Figure 13-15 shows the connection of voltage sensors to the analog input module. 13-40 Connection of Current Sensors as Two-Wire and Four-Wire Transducers Connection of Resistance Thermometers (e.g. Pt 100) and Resistances 13.7.3 Connecting Loads/Actuators to Analog Outputs Abbreviations Used Connecting Loads to the Current Output 13-43 Connecting Loads to the Voltage Output The following figure shows the wiring of two channels as an example. 13.7.4 Conversion Time and Cycle Time of the Analog Input Channels Conversion Time Cycle Time 13.7.5 Conversion Time, Cycle Time, Settling Time, and Response Time of the Analog Output Channels Conversion Time Settling Time Response Time 13.7.6 Starting Up the IF 961-AIO Interface Submodule Electrical Installation Unswitched Channels 13.7.7 Addressing 13.7.8 Analog Output Function Analog Output Function Status After Switching On 13-48 13.7.9 Analog Input Function Analog Input Function Table 13-41 Meaning of the Input Bits in the Analog Input Function (IF 961-AIO) Status After Switching On Individual Start of an ADC Channel Cyclic Conversion of the ADC Channels 13-51 13.7.10 Analog Value Representation for the Measuring Ranges of the Analog Inputs Voltage and Current Measuring Ranges 13-52 13.7.11 Analog Value Representation for the Measuring Ranges of the Analog Outputs Voltage and Current Output Ranges 13.7.12 Diagnostics, Interrupts, and Submodule ID 13-54 13.7.13 Technical Specifications The IF 961-AIO interface submodule receives its supply voltage from the M7-400 13-55 Page 13.8.1 What Can the IF961-CT1 Interface Submodule Do? What Can the IF 961-CT1 Interface Submodule Do? Comparison Values Initial Value Gate Functions Page 13.8.2 Addressing and Interrupts 13-60 13.8.3 Technical Specifications The IF 961-CT1 interface submodule receives its supply voltage from the M7-400 13.9 IF 964-DP Interface Submodule for S7-400 and M7-400 Order Numbers Additional Front Cover 13.9.1 Pin Assignments X1 Connector What Can be Connected to the Interface Submodule? 13.9.2 Addressing and Interrupts In the M7-300/400-Reserved I/O Address Area Intermediate Memory Addressing in the S7-400 I/O Address Area 13-65 13.9.3 Technical Specifications Page A A-1 Parameter Sets for Signal Modules A.1 How to Assign the Parameters for Signal Modules in the User Program Parameter Assignment in the User Program In the M7-400 Parameters Stored in Data Records Modifiable Parameters Description of the Parameters Further References A.2 Parameters of the Digital Input Modules A-5 A-6 A.3 Parameters of the Digital Output Modules A-8 A-9 A.4 Parameters of the Analog Input Modules A-11 Page B B-1 Diagnostic Data of the Signal Modules B.1 Evaluating the Diagnostic Data of the Signal Modules in the User Program In This Appendix Diagnostic Data are Contained in Data Records Further Reading B-3 B.2 Structure and Contents of Diagnostic Data Bytes 0 and 1 Bytes 0 and 1 Module Types The following table contains the IDs of the module classes (bits 0 to 3 in byte 1). B.3 Diagnostic Data of the Digital Input Modules Bytes 2 and 3 of the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC B-5 Bytes 4 to 8 of the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC Bytes 9 to 24 of the SM 421; DI 16 24 VDC B-6 Bytes 2 and 3 of the SM 421; DI 16 24/60 VUC Bytes 4 to 8 of the SM 421; DI 16 24/60 VUC Bytes 9 to 24 of the SM 421; DI 16 24/60 VUC B.4 Diagnostic Data of the Digital Output Modules Bytes 2 and 3 of the SM 422; DO 16 20-125 VDC/1.5 A B-9 Bytes 4 to 8 of the SM 422; DO 16 20-125 VDC/1.5 A Bytes 9 to 24 of the SM 421; DO 16 20-125 VDC/1.5 A B-10 Bytes 2 and 3 of the SM 422; DO 32 24 VDC/0.5 A B-11 Bytes 4 to 10 of the SM 422; DO 32 24 VDC/0.5 A B-12 Bytes 11 to 42 of the SM 422; DO 32 24 VDC/0.5 A Bytes 2 and 3 of the SM 422; DO 16 20-120 VAC/2 A B-13 Bytes 4 to 8 of the SM 422; DO 16 20-120 VAC/2 A Bytes 9 to 24 of the SM 422; DO 16 20-120 VAC/2 A B.5 Diagnostic Data of the Analog Input Modules Bytes 2 and 3 of the SM 431; AI 16 16 Bit B-15 Bytes 4 to 8 of the SM 431; AI 16 16 Bit Bytes 9 to 24 of the SM 431; AI 16 x 16 Bit B-16 Bytes 2 and 3 of the SM 431; AI 8 RTD 16 Bit Bytes 4 to 7 of the SM 431; AI 8 RTD 16 Bit Bytes 8 to 23 of the SM 431; AI 8 RTD 16 Bit B-18 Bytes 2 and 3 of the SM 431; AI 8 16 Bit Bytes 4 to 7 of the SM 431; AI 8 16 Bit Bytes 8 to 23 of the SM 431; AI 8 16 Bit Page C C-1 Spare Parts and Accessories Spare Parts and Accessories Spare Parts and Accessories C-2 Page Page Guidelines for Handling Electrostatic Sensitive Devices (ESD) D D.1 What is ESD? Definition Guidelines for Handling Electrostatic Sensitive Devices (ESD) D-3 D.2 Electrostatic Charging of Persons Charging D.3 General Protective Measures Against Electrostatic Discharge Damage Ensure Sufficient Grounding Avoid Direct Contact E List of Abbreviations Page Page Page Glossary Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Index A B C D Page E F G H I Page K L M N O P Q R S Page T U V W